Units
1.
Charge – The coulomb
2.
Current – The ampere
3.
Potential Difference - The Volt
4.
Resistance - The ohm
5.
Resistivity – The ohm metre
6.
Energy – The joule
7.
Power – The watt
8.
Focal length – The metre
9.
Power of a lens – The dioptre.
Distinguish
between
Periods
|
Groups
|
i.
The horizontal rows of elements in the modern periodic table are called as
periods.
ii.
There are seven periods in the modern periodic table.
iii.
The period number indicates the number of electronic shells present in an
atom of every element belonging to that period.
iv.
Elements show gradual variation in chemical properties along a period.
|
i.
The vertical columns of elements in the modern periodic table are called as
groups.
ii.
There are eighteen groups in the modern periodic table.
ii.
There are eighteen groups in the modern periodic table.
iii.
The group number indicates the number of electrons in the outermost shell of
an atom of every element belonging to that group.
iv.
Elements belonging to a particular group show strong resemblance in their
chemical properties.
|
Mendeleev's
periodic table
|
Modern
periodic table
|
i.
In Mendeleev's periodic table, elements were arranged in an increasing order
of atomic weight.
ii.
In Mendeleev's periodic table there were 8 groups.
iii.
In Mendeleev's periodic table isotopes of same elements were given different
positions.
iv.
A correct position could not be assigned to hydrogen in the Mendeleev's
periodic table.
|
i.
In Modern periodic table, elements are arranged in an increasing order of
atomic numbers.
ii.
In modern periodic table, there are 18 groups.
iii.
In Modern periodic table isotopes of same elements are given same positions.
iv.
Hydrogen has been placed at the top of group I in modern periodic table.
|
Inert gas elements
|
Normal
elements
|
i.
In the atoms of Inert gas elements all the shells are completely filled
including the outermost shell.
ii.
These elements are placed in zero group (group 18) of modern periodic table.
iii.
These elements have stable electronic configuration and hence, they are
chemically inactive.
iv.
Their valency is zero.
|
i.
In the atoms of Normal elements only the outermost shell is incompletely
filled.
ii.
These elements are placed in groups 1 and 2 on the left side and 13 to 17 on
the right side of modern periodic table.
iii.
These elements do not have stable electronic configuration and hence, they
are chemically active.
iv.
They normally show one type of valency.
|
Normal
Elements
|
Transition
Elements
|
i.
In the atoms of Normal elements only the outermost shell is incompletely
filled.
ii.
These elements are placed in groups 1 and 2 on the left side and 13 to 17 on
the right side of modern periodic table.
iii.
They are included in s – block and p – block of modern periodic table.
iv.
They normally show one type of valency.
|
i.
In the atoms of these elements the last two shells are incompletely filled.
ii.
These elements are placed in groups 3 to 12 in the middle of the modern
periodic table.
iii.
They are included in d – block of modern periodic table.
iv.
They show variable valency.
|
Transition
elements
|
Inner
transition elements
|
i.
In the atoms of these elements the last two shells are incompletely filled.
ii.
These elements are placed in groups 3 to 12 in middle of the modern periodic
table.
iii.
They are included in d – block of the modern periodic table.
|
i.
In the atoms of these elements the last three shells are incompletely filled.
ii.
These elements are placed in two additional rows (i.e. lanthanides and
actinides) called series, placed at the bottom of the modern periodic table.
iii.
They are included in f - block of
modern periodic table.
|
s – block
elements
|
p – block
elements
|
i.
In modern periodic table the groups 1 and 2 are included in s – block.
ii.
These includes alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
iii.
They have 1 or 2 electrons in the last shell.
|
i.
In modern periodic table the groups 13 to 17
and the zero group elements are included in p – block.
ii.
These includes metals, non – metals and metalloids.
iii.
They have 3 to 8 electrons in the last shell.
|
Oxidation
|
Reduction
|
i.
The chemical reaction in which
reactants gain oxygen or lose hydrogen is called oxidation.
ii.
A reducing agent undergoes
oxidation.
|
i.
The chemical reaction in which
reactants gain hydrogen or lose of oxygen is called reduction.
ii.
An oxidising agent undergoes reduction.
|
·
Conductors and Insulators. (Notes)
·
Resistance and Resistivity. (Notes)
·
Resistances in series and Resistances
in parallel. (Notes)
·
High resistance and low resistance.
(Notes)
Voltmeter
|
Ammeter
|
i.
A voltmeter is used to measure the
potential difference between two points.
ii.
A voltmeter is connected in parallel
to the conductor across which the potential difference is to be measured.
iii.
A voltmeter has a very high
resistance.
|
i.
An ammeter is used to measure the
current in a circuit.
ii.
An ammeter is connected in series
with the conductor, the current through which is to be measured.
iii.
An ammeter has a very low
resistance.
|
Direct
current
|
Alternating
current
|
i.
Direct current flows only in one
direction.
ii.
It cannot be used for large scale of
electricity of household purpose.
iii.
The frequency is zero.
|
i.
Alternating current reverses its
direction periodically with time.
ii.
It is used in household electrical
appliances such as an electric heater, and electric iron, a refrigerator,
etc.
iii.
The frequency of alternating current
in India is 50 Hz.
|
·
Electric Motor and Electric Generator.(Notes)
Real image
|
Virtual
image
|
i.
A real image is formed when the
light rays starting from an object meet after reflection or refraction.
ii.
It can be projected on a screen.
iii.
It is inverted with respect to the
object.
|
i.
A virtual image is formed when the
light rays starting from an object appear to meet after reflection or
refraction.
ii.
It cannot be projected on a screen.
iii.
It is erect with respect to the
object.
|
·
Convex mirror (Notes)
Convex lens
|
Concave lens
|
i.
A convex lens has its surfaces
bulging outward.
ii.
It is thicker in the middle than at
the edges.
iii.
It can form a real image as well as
virtual image.
|
i.
A concave lens has its surfaces
curved inward.
ii.
It is thicker at the edges than in
the middle.
iii.
It can form only a virtual image.
|
·
Myopia(Near sightedness) and
Hypermetropia (Long sightedness) (Notes)
Metals
|
Non – metals
|
i.
Metals have a lustre.
ii.
They are generally good conductors
of heal and electricity.
iii.
They are generally solids at room
temperature. Exception : Mercury and Gallium are liquids.
iv.
Metals form basic oxides.
|
i.
Non – metals have no lustre.
Exception : Iodine and diamond.
ii.
They are bad conductors of heal and
electricity. Exception: Graphite
iii.
They are generally gases and solids
at room temperature. Exception : Bromine is a liquid.
iv.
Non – metals form acidic or neutral
oxides.
|
Roasting
|
Calcination
|
i.
In this process, the ore is heated
strongly in the presence of air.
ii.
In this process, sulphide ore is
converted into metal oxide.
iii.
During this process SO4
is given out.
|
i.
In this process, the ore is heated
strongly in the limited supply of air.
ii.
In this process, carbonate ore is
converted into metal oxide.
iii.
During this process CO2
is given out.
|
·
Detergents and Soap (Notes)
Saturated
hydrocarbons
|
Unsaturated
hydrocarbons
|
i.
In saturated hydrocarbons, the
carbon atoms are linked to each other only by a single covalent bonds.
ii.
They contain only single bond.
iii.
These compounds are chemically less
reactive.
iv.
Substitution reaction is a
characteristic property of these hydrocarbons.
v.
Their general formula is CnH2n+2.
|
i.
In unsaturated hydrocarbons, the
valencies of carbon atoms are not fully satisfied by single covalent bonds.
ii.
They contain carbon to carbon double
or triple bonds.
iii.
These compounds are chemically more
reactive.
iv.
Addition reaction is a
characteristic property of these hydrocarbons.
v.
Their general formula is CnH2n or CnH2n - 2.
|
Open chain
hydrocarbons
|
Closed chain
hydrocarbons
|
i.
A hydrocarbon in which the chain of
carbon atoms is not cyclic is called the open chain hydrocarbon.
ii.
All aliphatic hydrocarbons contain
open chains.
|
i.
A hydrocarbon in which the chain of
carbon atoms is present in a cyclic form or ring form is called the closed
chain hydrocarbons.
ii.
All aromatic hydrocarbons contain
closed chains.
|
Stomach
|
Small intestine
|
i.
The stomach is the broadest part of
the alimentary canal.
ii.
Glands present in the stomach wall
produce gastric juice.
iii.
There is acidic medium in the
stomach.
iv.
Food gets partially digested in the
stomach.
|
i.
The small intestine is the narrowest
part of the alimentary canal.
ii.
Glands present in the intestinal
wall produce intestinal juice.
iii.
There is alkaline medium in the
small intestine.
iv.
Food gets completely digested in the
small intestine.
|
External
respiration
|
Internal
respiration
|
i.
External respiration is also called
breathing.
ii.
It is a physical process.
iii.
It takes place in the respiratory
tract.
iv.
The gaseous exchange between
external atmosphere and the blood takes place during external respiration.
v.
Oxidation of food does not occur
during external respiration.
|
i.
Internal respiration is also called
cellular respiration.
ii.
It is a biochemical process.
iii.
It takes place in the mitochondria
inside the cell.
iv.
The gaseous exchange between the
blood and tissues occurs during inter respiration.
v.
Oxidation of food occurs during
internal respiration releasing energy.
|
Arteries
|
Veins
|
i.
Arteries are blood vessels which
carry blood away from the heart.
ii.
Arteries are thick walled, elastic
blood vessels.
iii.
The blood flow in arteries is a
rapid and is under higher blood pressure.
iv.
Arteries are situated deep inside
the body.
v.
Arteries do not have valves.
vi.
Except for pulmonary artery all the
arteries carry oxygenated blood.
|
i.
Veins are blood vessels which carry blood
towards the heart.
ii.
Veins are thin walled blood vessels.
iii.
The blood flow in veins is slower
and is under lesser blood pressure.
iv.
Veins are situated superficially
(Apparently) in the body.
v.
Veins have valves to prevent back
flow of the blood.
vi.
Except for pulmonary vein all the
veins carry deoxygenated blood.
|
Atria
|
Ventricles
|
i.
Atria are the upper chambers of the
heart.
ii.
Atria are receiving chambers as they
receive the blood.
iii.
Atria have comparatively thinner
walls.
iv.
Superior and inferior vena cavae
enter into right atrium.
v.
Pulmonary veins enter into the left
atrium.
|
i.
Ventricles are the lower chambers of
the heart.
ii.
Ventricles are driving chambers as
they sent the blood the body.
iii.
Ventricles have comparatively
thicker walls.
iv.
Pulmonary artery leaves from right
ventricle.
v.
Aorta leaves from the left
ventricle.
|
Growth
dependent movements in plants
|
Growth
independent movements in plant.
|
i.
Growth dependent movements result in
the growth of plants.
ii.
Growth dependent movements are also
called tropic movements.
iii.
Growth dependent movements are in
response to light, water, chemical stimuli, gravity, etc.
|
i.
Growth independent movements do not
result in the growth of plants.
ii.
Growth independent movements are
also called nastic movements.
iii.
Growth independent movements are in
response to touch or for capturing prey or liberating the seeds.
|
·
Voluntary movements and Involuntary
movements. (Notes)
Central
nervous system
|
Peripheral
nervous system
|
i.
The central nervous system is located in the central part of the body.
ii.
It is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
|
i.
The peripheral nervous system is located on the peripheral parts of the body.
ii.
It is composed of cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
|
Cerebrum
|
cerebellum
|
i.
The cerebrum is the part of the forebrain.
ii.
The cerebrum is concerned with thinking and interpreting sensory information.
iii.
The cerebrum stores memory.
|
i.
The cerebellum is the part of the hindbrain.
ii.
The cerebellum is concerned with coordination of voluntary movements and
maintaining the balance.
iii.
The cerebellum does not store memory.
|
Nervous
control in animal
|
Chemical
control in animal
|
i.
Nervous control of the body is done
with the help of neurons.
ii.
Nervous system is concerned with the
nervous control.
iii.
Nervous impulses are rapid.
iv.
Nervous impulses are of shorter
duration.
|
i.
Chemical control of the body is done
through hormones.
ii.
Endocrine system is concerned with
the chemical control.
iii.
Hormonal actions are slower.
iv.
Hormonal actions are of longer
duration, i.e. long lasting.
|
Multiple
fission
|
Regeneration
|
i.
Multiple fission is a type of asexual reproduction.
ii.
In multiple fission, division of the nucleus takes place.
iii.
Multiple fission is carried out by the repeated division of the cytoplasm,
e.g. Amoeba.
|
i.
Regeneration cannot be called reproduction process. It is an accidental
process.
ii.
In regeneration division of the nucleus may not take place.
iii.
Regeneration is carried out by specialized cells in the body. e.g. Planaria.
|
Asexual
reproduction
|
Sexual
reproduction
|
i.
Asexual reproduction is the process
in which only one cell divides into two.
ii.
Only one parent participates in
asexual reproduction.
iii.
Only mitosis takes place at the time
of asexual reproduction.
iv.
The process of fertilization and
formation of zygote do not take place in asexual reproduction.
v.
Somatic cells are involved in the
asexual reproduction.
|
i.
Sexual reproduction is the process
in which two cells fuse with each other.
ii.
Two parents belonging to two
different sexes participate in the sexual reproduction.
iii.
Both mitosis and meiosis take place
at the time of sexual reproduction.
iv.
The process of fertilization and
zygote formation are the important steps in sexual reproduction.
v.
Germ (Reproductive) cells are
involved in the sexual reproduction.
|
Mitosis
|
Meiosis
|
i.
Mitosis is a type of cell division
that takes place in the somatic cells.
ii.
In mitosis the chromosome number
dies not change.
iii.
It is also called equational
division as the cells produced contain the same number of chromosomes as that
of the parent cell.
iv.
Mitosis occurs at the time of
asexual reproduction such as binary fission. It also takes place at the time
of growth and sexual reproduction.
|
i.
Meiosis is a type of cell division
that takes place in the germ cells.
ii.
In meiosis the chromosome number is
reproduced to half.
iii.
It is also called reduction division
as the cells produced contain half the number of chromosomes.
iv.
Meiosis occurs at the time of sexual
reproduction during gamete formation.
|
Testis
|
Ovary
|
i.
Testis is an essential gonad in
male.
ii.
Testis produces sperms.
iii.
Testis secretes testosterone.
iv.
Testis is located outside the body
in the scrotum.
v.
Testis does not have sperms at the
time of the birth of a boy.
|
i.
Ovary is an essential gonad in
female.
ii.
Ovary produces eggs.
iii.
Ovary secretes estrogen.
iv.
Ovaries are located inside the lower
abdomen.
v.
Ovary has immature eggs at the time
of the birth of a girl.
|
Monohybrid
cross
|
Dihybrid
cross
|
i.
Crosses involving a single pair of
alleles are called monohybrid crosses.
ii.
Monohybrid crosses yield a
phenotypic ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation.
iii.
Genes are not assorted to form new
recombination of characters.
|
i.
Crosses involving two pairs of
alleles are called dihybrid crosses.
ii.
Dihybrid crosses yield a phenotypic
ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation.
iii.
Genes are assorted to form new
combinations of characters.
|
Dominant
characters
|
Recessive
characters
|
i.
The characters that are expressed in
the F1 generation are called dominant character.
ii.
Tall habit and red colour of the
flower in pea plants are dominant characters.
iii.
Dominant character is expressed in
the presence of one or both the dominant genes.
iv.
Dominant characters cannot be masked
by recessive characters.
|
i.
The characters that are not
expressed in the F1 generation are called recessive characters.
ii.
Dwarf habit and white colour of the
flower in pea plants are recessive characters.
iii.
Recessive characters is expressed
only when both the recessive alleles of a gene are present.
iv.
Recessive characters can be masked
by dominant characters.
|
Phenotype
|
Genotype
|
i.
Phenotype refers to the outward
appearance of an individual such as shape, colour, sex, etc.
ii.
Phenotype can be observed directly
in an individual.
iii.
Individuals resembling each other
may or may not have the same genotype.
iv.
The phenotypic ratio obtained in the
F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is 3:1.
|
i.
Genotype refers to the genetic
composition of an individual.
ii.
Genotype can be determined from
ancestry of an individual.
iii.
Individuals possessing the same
genotype usually have the same phenotypic expression.
iv.
The genotypic ratio obtained in the
F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1.
|
Homologous
organs
|
Analogous
organs
|
i.
Homologous organs show same structural plan.
ii.
Functions performed by the homologous organs are different.
iii.
Homologous organs explain the common ancestry in the evolution.
iv.
Forelimb of a man, front leg of a bull, wing of a bird, fin of a whale are
all homologous organs.
|
1.
Analogous organs show different structure in different animals.
ii.
Functions performed by the analogous organs are always the same.
iii.
analogous organs explain the common adaptation due to common habitats.
iv.
Wing of a bird and wing of an insect, tail fin of a lobster and tail flukes
of whale are analogous organs.
|
Sucrose (Sugar)
|
C12H22O11
|
Water
|
H2O
|
Glucose (Fructose)
|
C6H12O6
|
Iron
|
Fe
|
Sulphur
|
S
|
Iron Sulphide
|
FeS
|
Carbon dioxide
|
CO2
|
Carbonic acid
|
H2CO3
|
Tricalcium Aluminate
|
3CaO.Al2O3
|
Concrete
|
CaO.Al2O36H2O
|
Plaster of Paris
|
CaSO4.H2O
|
Gypsum
|
CaSO4.2H2O
|
Carbon (Coke)
|
C
|
Calcium Carbonate
|
CaCO3
|
Copper Sulphate
|
CuSO4
|
Zinc
|
Zn
|
Copper chloride
|
CuCl2
|
Silver Bromide
|
AgBr
|
Potassium iodide
|
KI
|
Cupric iodide
|
CuI2
|
Potassium Chloride
|
KCl
|
Potassium chromate
|
K2CrO4
|
Barium sulphate
|
BaSO4
|
Precipitate (yellow)
|
BaCrO4
|
Potassium Sulphate
|
K2SO4
|
Quicklime
|
CaO
|
Zinc Sulphate
|
ZnSO4
|
Aluminium
|
Al
|
Aluminium Oxide (Alumina)
|
Al2O3
|
Ethyl alcohol
|
C2H5OH
|
Sodium ethoxide
|
C2H5ONa
|
Methane
|
CH4
|
Hydrochloric acid
|
HCl
|
Magnesium Chloride
|
MgCl2
|
Aluminium chloride
|
AlCl3
|
Zinc Chloride
|
ZnCl2
|
Ferrous chloride
|
FeCl2
|
Sulphuric Acid
|
H2SO4
|
Magnesium Sulphate
|
MgSO4
|
Ferrous sulphate
|
FeSO4
|
Sodium aluminate
|
NaAlO2
|
Aluminium Hydroxide
|
Al(OH)3
|
Zinc sulphide
|
ZnS
|
Zinc oxide
|
ZnO
|
Zinc carbonate
|
ZnCO3
|
Carbon monoxide
|
CO
|
Magnesium dioxide
|
MgO2
|
Manganese dioxide
|
MnO2
|
Iron (II) oxide
|
Fe2O3
|
Cinnabar
|
HgS
|
Mercuric oxide
|
HgO
|
Cuprous Sulphide
|
Cu2S
|
Cuprous oxide
|
Cu2O
|
Nitric Acid
|
HNO3
|
Magnesium nitrate
|
Mg(NO3)2
|