Q1. Define the following terms.
- Scurvy: - Disease caused due to deficiency of vitamin C in an individual is called as scurvy. It is characterised by swelling and bleeding of gums, anaemia and weakness.
- Enrichment: - Enrichment means addition of dietary essentials to a food to restore the total content of the food in natural state.
- Trace element: - The minerals which are required by the human body are called ‘trace elements’. 14 trace elements are essential for animal life.
- Malnutrition: - Malnutrition is defined as a pathological state resulting from a partial or entire deficiency or excess of one or more essential nutrients.
- Imbalanced nutrition: - The pathological state resulting from a disproportion among essential nutrients with or without the absolute deficiency of any nutrient is called imbalanced nutrition.
- PEM: - When the nutrients such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates are quantitatively and qualitatively insufficient in diet. The condition is called Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM).
- Balanced diet: - The diet wh9ch includes all the required nutrients in appropriate proportions is known as a balanced diet.
- Over nutrition: - The condition resulting from the consumption of excessive quantity of food for a long period of time is called over nutrition. Over nutrition may lead to obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes.
- Specific deficiency: - The pathological state resulting from partial or complete lack of individual nutrients is called specific deficiency.
- Under nutrition: - The condition resulting from eating insufficient food for a long period of time is called under nutrition. In extreme cases under nutrition is called starvation.
Q2. Give scientific reasons
- Vitamin K helps in blood clothing.
- It is synthesized by microorganisms present in the intestine of higher animals including human beings.
- Since most of the required vitamin K is manufactured by the body itself, deficiency of vitamin K does not occur normally.
- Our body is capable of vitamin D synthesis with the help of sunlight under our skin.
- The pigment melanin present in the dark skin of negroes filter out essential rays of sunlight required in the biological synthesis of vitamin D.
- This obstructs the synthesis of vitamin D leading to its deficiency and the disease rickets.
- In light skinned people, as the melanin content in their skin is low, vitamin D is synthesized adequately.
- hence, races like negroes develop rickets more likely than light skinned people.
- Minerals like calcium and phosphorus are essential for proper growth and development of strong bones and teeth.
- Deficiency of both these minerals in adults results in softening of the bones.
- This condition is called as osteomalacia.
- Hence, in adults, osteomalacia occurs due to deficiency of calcium and phosphorus minerals.
- Iron is essential for the formation of haemoglobin in the blood.
- Haemoglobin carries oxygen to various cell in our body.
- Due to the deficiency of iron, the haemoglobin level in the blood goes down which leads to anaemia.
- Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triodothyronine.
- Iodine deficiency leads to various diseases such as cretinism, neonated hypothyroidism, juvenile hypothyroidism, impaired hearing and brain development and function.
- Fortification of common salt with small quantities of sodium or potassium iodate supplies the required quantity of iodine to the body.
- It is the most economical, convenient and effective means of mass prophylaxis.
- Hence the common salt fortified with small quantities of sodium or potassium iodate is widely used throughout India to prevent iodine deficiency.
- Kwashiorkor is caused due to deficiency of proteins in both quality and quantity.
- Fat accumulation occurs in the liver leading to liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
- This results into swollen belly.
- As proteins are responsible for growth and development in an individual, deficiency of proteins leads to retarded growth and development.
- Hence, kwashiorkor is characterised by swollen belly and growth failure.
- The disease marasmus is due to severe and prolonged restriction not only of protein but of all types of food.
- The main clinical features of this disease are growth retardation, wasting of muscle and of subcutaneous fat.
- Since the body is deprived of almost all nutrients required for the growth and development of the body, severe growth retardation is seen in a marasmus child.
- Deficiency of nutrients like dietary carbohydrates, proteins and fats leads to protein energy malnutrition. (PEM)
- Mother’s milk provides all the necessary dietary proteins along with other nutrients required for the proper growth and development of an infant.
- This results into increase in the resistance power of the child and helps to build its immune system.
- Hence, breast feeding should be promote to prevent PEM.
- Proteins are the major constituents of our cells and tissues and are responsible for the growth and development of the body.
- Lack of proteins in the diet leads to growth failure in a developing embryo or in a newborn baby.
- This can lead to disorders such as kwashiorkor or marasmus in children.
- Hence, pregnant and lactating women should include more proteins in the diet to avoid protein energy malnutrition in the newborn children.
- Calcium and phosphorus are required for proper formation of bones and teeth in our body.
- Deficiency of these minerals can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- But as these minerals are widely distributed in various foodstuffs, their deficiency rarely occurs.
- Our body manufactures vitamin D under the skin on exposure to sunlight rich in uv rays.
- Deficiency of vitamin D in children leads to rickets.
- It is characterised by deformities in bones.
- So mothers should be educated about the exposure of children to the sun to avoid vitamin D deficiency.
- Vitamin D is necessary for proper bone and teeth development in human beings.
- Deficiency of vitamin D in children leads to rickets which is characterised by deformities in bones.
- Hence, Supplementation of breast milk by vitamin D sources for the infants after the age of 3rd or 4th month is essential to avoid deficiency of vitamin D.
Q3. Distinguish between
Nyctalopia
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Xerophthalmia
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Kwashiorkor
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Marasmus
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Scurvy
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Rickets
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Beri – Beri
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Pellagra
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Q4. Write short notes on
- It is caused due to the deficiency in both, the quality and quantity of proteins.
- It is characterised by oedema, swollen belly, growth failure, dermatosis, anaemia etc.
- The swollen belly is due to enlargement of liver (haepatomegaly) caused by fat accumulation.
- The condition of pre – kwashiorkor is characterised by retarded growth and development.
- The low dietary intake of protein in kwashiorkor results in decreased synthesis of plasma, proteins, especially albumin and transferring and also of haemoglobin.
- In kwashiorkor there occurs anorexia which further leads to restriction of food intake.
- Marasmus occurs due to severe and prolonged restriction not only of protein but of all types of food.
- It is characterised by severe wasting of tissues and muscles of a child.
- The main features are growth retardation, wasting of muscle and subcutaneous fat.
- The growth retardation is in terms of marasmus is also seen in children who have been deprived of touch of body weight.
- Food consumption is influenced by various social factors such as
- laws or regulations of state,
- disruption of national economy,
- war and other emergencies,
- food policy,
- religious taboos and prescription,
- ignorance and level of education,
- contents and commercialisation of mass – media,
- social structure etc.
- Urbanisation is leading to greater dependence upon processed foodstuffs with resultant hazards from food additives and loss of nutrients.
- A large proportion of world population obtains its food by purchase or exchange.
- The opportunity of such purchase is limited for many individuals or groups with small incomes.
- The protective foods such as eggs, meat, fish, milk and fruits are relatively costly so that the poor people cannot afford them.
- The literal meaning of Xerophthalmia is dry eye.
- An evidence of Xerophthalmia is considered when one or more of the following changes occur in eyes.
- Conjunctival xerosis: - The conjunctiva instead of looking clear and transparent, appears muddy and wrinkled.
- Bitot’s spots: - These are greyish, triangular, foamy, rough and raised patches on the bulbar conjuctival. They are frequently bilateral.
- Corneal xerosis: - The corneal surface becomes dry and hazy like ground glass.
- Corneal ulceration with xerosis: - If the ulcer progress, iris falls down.
- Keratomalacia: - The part or entire cornea becomes soft rapidly. As a result eyeball gets destructed leading to blindness.
- It is characterised by deformities in bones.
- The ends of long bones become bulky and soft. Bending of long bones takes place giving rise to deformities.
- These deformities occur as bow – legs and knock – knees when the child attempts to stand up and walk.
- The ankles, knees, wrists and elbows become swollen.
- Teeth erupt late and are deformed.
- Mineral waters may be natural or artificial.
- Natural mineral water is derived from springs.
- They contain natural ingredients aerated with carbon dioxide gas.
- Artificial mineral water is prepared by dissolving mineral salts and sugar in water and then charging it with CO2 gas.
- In many preparations, artificial colours and flavours are added.
- The term alcohol used under alcoholic beverages is ethyl – alcohol.
- It is produced by fermentation of sugars like glucose and fructose by yeast.
- Alcohol acts as stimulant even in small doses.
- But the disadvantage of its use leads to habit formation which shortens the life when taken in excess.
- The foods like pizza, vada – pav, burger, dosa, samosa, noodles, sandwitch etc. may be included under the term fast food.
- Now – a – days the use of such fast foods is increasing in urban areas.
- Most of the school going children use these foods instead of lunch boxes.
Q5. Give the deficiency of diseases of the following elements / vitamins.
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Deficiency of proteins causes diseases like kwashiorkor and marasmus.
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Deficiency of ascorbic acid leads to scurvy.
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Deficiency of vitamin D in children leads to rickets and osteomalacia in adults.
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Deficiency of vitamin A leads to night blindness (Nyctalopia) and Xerophthalmia (Dry eye)
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It is characterized by testicular degeneration, habitual abortion, muscular dystrophy, haemolysis of RBCs and laboratory animals (Dry eye)
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It is characterised by haemorrhage or delay in blood clotting.
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Deficiency of vitamin Thiamine (B1) leads to disease called Beri – Beri.
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Deficiency of Niacin (B3) leads to a disease called pellagra.
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The decrease in sodium chloride level in the body causes muscular cramps. Common salt deficiency causes hyponatremia.
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Deficiency of copper causes neutropenia.
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Deficiency of molybdenum causes mouth and oesophageal cancer.
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Deficiency of iodine leads to various disorders such as still birth, cretinism, neonated hypothyroidism, juvenile hypothyroidism, impaired hearing and brain development and functions.
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Deficiency of fluorine leads to dental caries.
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Deficiency of calcium and phosphorus leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
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Deficiency of magnesium leads to irritability, titanus hyperreflexia and occasionally hyporeflexia.
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Q6. Answer the following questions.
- When the nutrients such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates are quantitatively and qualitatively insufficient in diet, the condition is called Protein Energy Malnutrition or PEM.
- PEM has two forms namely Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.
- The national institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad has formulated an energy protein rich mixture to treat PEM at home level.
- It is consists of
Whole wheat
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Roasted
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40 gm.
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Bengal gram
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Roasted
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16gm.
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Groundnut
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Roasted
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10 gm.
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Jaggery
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20 gm.
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Total
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86
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Energy
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330 Kcal
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Proteins
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11.3 gm
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- As both these minerals are widely distributed in food stuffs, their deficiency rarely occurs.
- When there is defect in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, then only the deficiency occurs.
- Their deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Goitre is a disease caused in individuals due to deficiency of mineral called iodine.
- Due to iodine deficiency in the body the thyroid gland increases in size 9enlarges) to produce goitre.
- Under nutrition: - This is the condition resulting from eating insufficient food for a long period of time.
- Over nutrition: - This condition results from the consumption of excessive quantity of food for a long period of time.
- Imbalance: - It is the pathological state resulting from a disproportion among essential nutrients with or without the absolute deficiency of any nutrient.
- Specific deficiency: - It is the pathological state resulting from partial or complete lack of an individual nutrient.
- Foods habits, customs, beliefs and traditions.
- Food fads.
- Cooking practices
- Child rearing practices and
- Miscellaneous e.g. chronic alcoholism.
- Supplementary feeding programmes.
- Mid – day meal programme.
- Vitamin – A prophylaxis programme.
- National Goitre control programme.
- Anaemia control programme.
- Inadequate iron intake.
- Poor absorption of dietary iron due to presence of excess phytates, phosphates and exudates.
- Decreased absorption due to hypoacidity in the stomach.
- Increased requirements e.g. pregnancy, childhood, adolescence.
- Poor absorption due to defect in intestinal mucose i.e. malabsorption syndrome.