Carbon And Its Compounds Class 10th Physics & Chemistry AP Board Solution

Class 10^th Physics & Chemistry AP Board Solution

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1. Name the simplest hydrocarbon.
2. What are the general molecular formula of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.…
3. Name the carboxylic acid used as a preservative.
4. Name the product other than water formed on burning of ethanol in air.…
5. Give the IUPAC name of the following compounds. If more than one compound is a possible to…
6. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding can you tell why a mixture of ethyne…
7. Explain with the help of a chemical equation, how an addition reaction is used in…
8. Name the simplest ketone and write its molecular formula.
9. What do we call the self-linking property of carbon?
10. Name the compound formed by heating ethanol at 443K with an excess of conc. H2SO4…
11. Give an example of esterification reaction.
12. Name the product obtained when ethanol is oxidized by either anhydride or alkaline…
13. Write the chemical equation representing the reaction of preparation of ethanol from…
14. Write the IUPAC name of the next homologous of CH3OHCH2CH3
15. Define homologous series of carbon compound: Mention any two characteristics of homologous…
16. Give the name of functional groups. (i) -CHO (II) -C=O.
17. Why does carbon form the compound mainly by covalent bonding?
18. Allotropy is a property shown by which class substance element, compound, and mixtures?…
19. Explain how sodium ethoxide is obtained from ethanol? Give chemical equation.…
20. Describe with the chemical equation how ethanoic acid may be obtained from ethanol…
21. Explain the cleansing action of soap.
22. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds.…
23. Explain the structure of graphite in ten of bonding and give one property based on this…
24. Name the acid present in vinegar.
25. What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?…
26. Two carbon compounds A and B have molecular formula C3H8 and C3H6 respectively. Which one…
27. Suggest a test to find the hardness of water and explain the procedure.…
28. Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid and explain the…
29. An organic compound 'X' with a molecular formula C2H6O undergoes oxidation with alkaline…
30. Prepare models of methane, ethane, ethene and ethyne molecules using clay halls and match…
31. Collect information about artificial ripening of fruits by ethylene.…
32. Draw the electronic dot structure of ethane molecule (C2H6).
33. How do you appreciate the role of esters in everyday life.
34. How do you condemn the use of alcohol as a social practice.
35. An organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2 produces brisk effervescence on addition…
36. I ml glacial acetic acid and I ml of ethanol arc mixed together in a test tube. Few drops…

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Question 1.

Name the simplest hydrocarbon.

Answer:

The simplest hydrocarbon is CH₄ (methane)

Note: Hydrocarbons are the compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen in their molecules.

Question 2.

What are the general molecular formula of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Answer:

Alkanes

i. Hydrocarbons containing only one single bond between carbon atoms are called alkanes.

ii. The general formula is C-C.

Alkenes

iii. Hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond between carbon atoms are called alkenes.

iv. The general formula is C=C.

Alkynes

v. Hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms are called alkynes.

vi. The general formula is CΞC.

Question 3.

Name the carboxylic acid used as a preservative.

Answer:

Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) is widely used as a preservative in pickles.

Question 4.

Name the product other than water formed on burning of ethanol in air.

Answer:

When ethanol is burnt in the presence of air, it forms CO₂ gas and water.

CH₃CH₂OH → 2CO₂ + H₂O

Question 5.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compounds. If more than one compound is a possible to name all of them.

i. An aldehyde derived from ethane.

ii. A ketone derived from butane.

iii. A chloride derived from propane.

iv. An alcohol derived from pentane.

Answer:

i. Ethanal

Explanation: For an aldehyde, we have to add the suffix “—al”. Thus, IUPAC name of an aldehyde derived from ethane will be ethanal.

ii. Butanone

Explanation: For a ketone, we have to add the suffix “—one”. Thus, IUPAC name of a ketone derived from butane will be butanone.

iii. Chlropropane

Explanation: For a chloride, we have to add the prefix “chloro-”. Thus, IUPAC name of a chloride derived from propane will be chlropropane.

iv. Pentanol

Explanation: For an alcohol, we have to add the suffix “—ol”. Thus, IUPAC name of a ketone derived from butane will be butanone.

Question 6.

A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?

Answer:

A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because when ethyne is burnt in air, it gives sooty flame which is not suitable for welding.

Question 7.

Explain with the help of a chemical equation, how an addition reaction is used in vegetable ghee industry.

Answer:

In addition reaction, the unsaturated fatty acids(oil) are converted to saturated fatty acids (ghee).

Question 8.

Name the simplest ketone and write its molecular formula.

Answer:

The simplest ketone is propanone.

The structure of propanone is:

Question 9.

What do we call the self-linking property of carbon?

Answer:

Self-linking property of carbon is called catenation. If any element forms bond between its own atoms to give big molecules. This property is called catenation.

Note: This ability of carbon to form a bond in so many ways made it as a versatile element in nature.

Question 10.

Name the compound formed by heating ethanol at 443K with an excess of conc. H₂SO₄

Answer:

When ethanol is heated in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄ in excess, the compound formed is ethene.

Note: The above reaction is a dehydration reaction. H₂SO₄ is a dehydrating agent and removes water (H₂O).

Question 11.

Give an example of esterification reaction.

Answer:

Esterification reaction—The reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of con. H₂SO₄ to form ester is called esterification.

Question 12.

Name the product obtained when ethanol is oxidized by either anhydride or alkaline potassium permanganate

Answer:

When ethanol is oxidized by either anhydride or alkaline potassium permanganate, the compounds formed are ethanol and ethanoic acid.

Question 13.

Write the chemical equation representing the reaction of preparation of ethanol from ethane.

Answer:

Preparation of ethanol from ethane

Step 1: Ethane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloroethane.

Step 2: Now, chloroethane reacts with NaOH to form ethanol by the replacement of Cl atom by OH.

CH₃CH₂Cl + NaOH → CH₃CH₂OH

Question 14.

Write the IUPAC name of the next homologous of CH₃OHCH₂CH₃

Answer:

The IUPAC name of the given compound (CH₃OHCH₂CH₃) is propane-2-ol. The IUPAC name of the next homologous of CH₃OHCH₂CH₃ is but-2-ol.

Question 15.

Define homologous series of carbon compound: Mention any two characteristics of homologous series.

Answer:

Homologous series: The series of carbon compounds in which two successive compounds differ by –CH₂ unit is called homologue series.

Example:

● CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈…..

● CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH, C₃H₇OH….

Characteristics

i. They have one general formula.

ii. Each compounds in the series differs by –CH₂ group.

iii. They have similar chemical properties due to the same functional group.

Question 16.

Give the name of functional groups.

(i) -CHO (II) –C=O.

Answer:

i. Aldehyde

ii. Ketone

Question 17.

Why does carbon form the compound mainly by covalent bonding?

Answer:

Carbon forms the compound mainly by covalent bonding due to the following reasons below:

i. The electronic configuration of carbon is 2, 4.

ii. If four electrons are added to the second orbit of carbon, its octet becomes complete and its electronic configuration becomes stable like that of the nearest inert gas neon (2, 8).

iii. Therefore, the valency of carbon is 4. However, this occurs by sharing of electron rather than a give and take of electrons.

iv. That’s why a carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of different elements.

Question 18.

Allotropy is a property shown by which class substance element, compound, and mixtures? Explain allotropy with suitable examples.

Answer:

Allotropy

i. Some elements occur in nature in more than one form.

ii. The chemical properties of these different forms are the same but their physical properties are different. This property of elements is called allotropy.

iii. Like carbon, sulphur and phosphorus also exhibit allotropy.

iv. The different forms of the element are called allotropes.

The allotropes of carbon are classified into two types

i. Amorphous forms – coal, coke, wood, charcoal, animal charcoal etc.

ii. Crystalline forms – diamond, graphite, and fullerene

Question 19.

Explain how sodium ethoxide is obtained from ethanol? Give chemical equation.

Answer:

Ethanol reacts with metallic sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen is liberated. The chemical equation is given below:

Question 20.

Describe with the chemical equation how ethanoic acid may be obtained from ethanol

Answer:

By oxidation of ethanol

When ethanol is oxidized by either anhydride or alkaline potassium permanganate, the compound formed is ethanol. On further oxidation, it forms ethanoic acid.

The chemical reaction is given below:

Question 21.

Explain the cleansing action of soap.

Answer:

Cleansing action of soap

i. Soap has one polar end and one non-polar end.

ii. The polar end is hydrophilic in nature and attracted towards water whereas the non-polar end is hydrophobic in nature and attracted towards the oil or grease

iii. When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach to the dirt.

iv. The hydrophobic ends try to pull out the dirt.

v. The molecules of soap surround the dirt particles at the center of the cluster and form a spherical structure called micelle.

vi. The dust particles remain trapped in micelles which are easily rinsed away with water.

vii. That’s how soap clean the clothes.

Question 22.

Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds.

Answer:

Question 23.

Explain the structure of graphite in ten of bonding and give one property based on this structure.

Answer:

Structure of graphite

i. In graphite, every carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds.

ii. A graphite crystal is hexagonal.

iii. The regular arrangement of atoms in graphite is in hexagonal layers.

Property – A good lubricant

iv. The layers are loosely bounded with each other.

v. As there is a weak force of attraction present between them, hence the layers slide with each other.

vi. This makes the graphite slippery and thus it used as a lubricant.

Question 24.

Name the acid present in vinegar.

Answer:

Carboxylic acid is present in vinegar.

Question 25.

What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?

Answer:

When a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol, it forms sodium ethoxide (C₂H₅ONa). The reaction is given below:

Question 26.

Two carbon compounds A and B have molecular formula C₃H₈ and C₃H₆ respectively. Which one of the two is most likely to show addition? Justify your answer.

Answer:

C₃H₆ is most likely to show addition reaction.

Explanation:

The additionreaction is shown by the unsaturated compounds which contain double bonds or triple bonds like alkenes and alkynes.

C₃H₈ – is a saturated hydrocarbon as it does not contain double bonds or triple bonds.

On the other hand, C₃H₆ – is an unsaturated hydrocarbon as it contains a double bond. Thus, C₃H₆ undergoes addition reaction.

Question 27.

Suggest a test to find the hardness of water and explain the procedure.

Answer:

To find the hardness of water

Step 1: Take some distilled water in a test tube and hand pump water in another test tube.

Step 2: Add some drops of soap solution to both the tubes.

Step 3: Shake both the tubes together. Observe the foam formed.

The test tube having distilled water shows more foam whereas the test tube having hand pump water forms a white precipitate due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions. This indicates that it is a hard water.

Question 28.

Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid and explain the procedure.

Answer:

Question 29.

An organic compound 'X' with a molecular formula C₂H₆O undergoes oxidation with alkaline KMnO₄ and forms the compound Y', that has molecular formula C₂H₄O₂

a. Identify 'X' and 'Y'

b. Write your observation regarding the product when the compound 'X' is made to react with compound 'Y' which is used as a preservative for pickles.

Answer:

a. ‘X’ is ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) and ‘Y’ is ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH)

b. When the ethanol(alcohol) is made to react with ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid), the compound formed is ester and this process is called esterification.

Question 30.

Prepare models of methane, ethane, ethene and ethyne molecules using clay halls and match sticks.

Answer: 

Question 31.

Collect information about artificial ripening of fruits by ethylene.

Answer:

i. Calcium carbide is one of the main artificial ripening agents of fruits. It speeds up the ripening process.

ii. When calcium carbide comes in contact with air, it produces ethylene.

iii. Ethylene effects of ripening are almost similar as natural ripening agents.

iv. That why it is most preferred.

Question 32.

Draw the electronic dot structure of ethane molecule (C₂H₆).

Answer:

Question 33.

How do you appreciate the role of esters in everyday life.

Answer:

Role of esters in everyday life

1. Esters have sweet odouring substances.

2. Majority of fruits owe their odour to a particular ester present in them.

3. Esters are used for making fragrances, perfumes and flavouring agents.

4. Esters are used in the saponification to prepare soaps.

Question 34.

How do you condemn the use of alcohol as a social practice.

Answer:

i. Consumption of small quantities of dilute ethanol shows its effect even though is condemned still it has remained socially widespread practice.

ii. Consumption of alcohol harms health in a number of ways.

iii. It adversely affects the physiological processes.

iv. It damages the central nervous system.

v. Consumption of even a small quantity of pure ethanol (called absolute alcohol) can be lethal.

Question 35.

An organic compound with molecular formula C₂H₄O₂ produces brisk effervescence on addition of sodium carbonate /bicarbonate. Answer the following

a. Identify the organic compound.

b. Write the chemical equation for the above reaction.

c. Name the gas evolved.

d. Now will you test the gas evolved?

e. List two important uses of the above compound.

Answer:

a. The organic compound is CH₃COOH.

b. Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) reacts with sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) to form sodium acetate and liberate CO₂

CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃→CH₃COONa + CO₂

c. The gas evolved is CO₂.

d. The CO₂ gas of the effervescence passes through the gas delivery tube and reacts with the lime water in the small test tube. ‘Lime water turning milky’ is the test of carbon dioxide gas.

e. Two important uses of ethanoic acid are:

i. It is used as a preservative for pickles.

ii. It used in making vinegar.

Question 36.

I ml glacial acetic acid and I ml of ethanol arc mixed together in a test tube. Few drops of concentrate sulphuric acid is added in the mixture are warmed in a water bath for 5 min. Answer the following

a. Name the resultant compound formed.

b. Represent the above change by a chemical equation.

c. What term is given to such an reactions.

d. What are the special characteristics of the compound formed?

Answer:

a. The resultant compound formed is ester.

b. 

c. The term given to such reaction is esterification reaction.

d. The compound formed is ester which has sweet-smelling and is used to make perfumes and fragrances.