Real Numbers Class 10th Mathematics AP Board Solution

Class 10^th Mathematics AP Board Solution

Exercise 1.1

1. 900 and 270 Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of
2. 196 and 38220 Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of
3. 1651 and 2032 Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of
4. Use Euclid division lemma to show that any positive odd integer is of form 6q +…
5. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is…
6. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of…
7. Show that one and only one out of n, n + 2 or n + 4is divisible by 3, where n is…

Exercise 1.2

1. Express each of the following number as a product of its prime factors. (i) 140…
2. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by the prime factorization…
3. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.…
4. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite…
5. How will you show that (17 × 11 × 2) + (17 × 11 × 5) is a composite number?…
6. What is the last digit of 6^100 .

Exercise 1.3

1. 3/8 Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state…
2. 229/400 Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also…
3. 4 1/5 Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state…
4. 2/11 Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state…
5. 8/125 Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state…
6. 13/3125 Without performing division, state whether the following rational…
7. 11/12 Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers…
8. 64/455 Without performing division, state whether the following rational…
9. 15/1600 Without performing division, state whether the following rational…
10. 29/343 Without performing division, state whether the following rational…
11. 23/2^3 5^2 Without performing division, state whether the following rational…
12. 129/2^2 5^7 7^3 Without performing division, state whether the following…
13. 9/15 Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers…
14. 36/100 Without performing division, state whether the following rational…
15. 77/210 Without performing division, state whether the following rational…
16. Write the following rationales in decimal form using Theorem 1.1. (i) 13/25 (ii)…
17. The decimal form of some real numbers is given below. In each case, decide…

Exercise 1.4

1. 1/root 2 Prove that the following are irrational.
2. root 3 + root 5 Prove that the following are irrational.
3. 6 + root 2 Prove that the following are irrational.
4. root 5 Prove that the following are irrational.
5. 3+2 root 5 Prove that the following are irrational.
6. Prove that root p + root q is irrational, where p, q are primes.

Exercise 1.5

1. log255 Determine the value of the following.
2. log813 Determine the value of the following.
3. log_2 (1/16) Determine the value of the following.
4. log71 Determine the value of the following.
5. log_x root x Determine the value of the following.
6. log_2512 Determine the value of the following.
7. log100.01 Determine the value of the following.
8. log_ 2/3 (8/27) Determine the value of the following.
9. 22 + log2^3 Determine the value of the following.
10. Write the following expressions as log N and find their values. (i) log2 + log5…
11. Evaluate each of the following in terms of x and y, if it is given x = log23 and…
12. Expand the following. (i) log1000 (ii) log (128/625) (iii) logx^2 y^3 z^4 (iv)…
13. If x^2 + y^2 = 25xy, then prove that 2 log(x + y) = 3log3 + logx + logy.…
14. If log (x+y/3) = 1/2 (logx+logy) then find the value of x/y + y/x…
15. If (2.3) x = (0.23) y = 1000 then find the value of 1/x - 1/y
16. If 2^x+1 = 3^1-x then find the value of x.
17. Is log2 rational or irrational? Justify your answer.
18. log 100 rational or irrational? Justify your answer.

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Exercise 1.1

Question 1.

Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of

900 and 270

Answer:

Euclid’s Division is a method for finding the HCF (highest common factor) of two given integers. According to Euclid’s Division Algorithm, For any two positive integers, ‘a’ and ‘b’, there exists a unique pair of integers ‘q’ and ‘r’ which satisfy the relation:

a = bq + r , 0 ≤ r ≤ b

Given integers 900 and 270. Clearly 900>270.

By applying division lemma

⇒ 900 = 270×3 + 90

Since remainder 0, applying division lemma on 270 and 90

⇒ 270 = 90×3 + 0

∵ remainder = 0,

∴ the HCF of 900 and 270 is 90.

Question 2.

Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of

196 and 38220

Answer:

Euclid’s Division is a method for finding the HCF (highest common factor) of two given integers. According to Euclid’s Division Algorithm, For any two positive integers, ‘a’ and ‘b’, there exists a unique pair of integers ‘q’ and ‘r’ which satisfy the relation:

a = bq + r , 0 ≤ r ≤ b

Given integers 196 and 38220. Clearly 38220>196.

By applying division lemma

⇒ 38220 = 196×195 + 0

Since remainder 0

∴ the HCF of 196 and 38220 is 195.

Question 3.

Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of

1651 and 2032

Answer:

Euclid’s Division is a method for finding the HCF (highest common factor) of two given integers. According to Euclid’s Division Algorithm, For any two positive integers, ‘a’ and ‘b’, there exists a unique pair of integers ‘q’ and ‘r’ which satisfy the relation:

a = bq + r , 0 ≤ r ≤ b

Given integers 1651 and 2032. Clearly 2032>1651.

By applying division lemma

⇒ 2032 = 1651×1 + 381

Since remainder 0, applying division lemma on 1651 and 381

⇒ 1651 = 381×4 + 127

Since remainder 0, applying division lemma on 381 and 127

⇒ 381 = 127×3 + 0

Since remainder = 0,

∴ the HCF of 1651 and 2032 is 127.

Question 4.

Use Euclid division lemma to show that any positive odd integer is of form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5, where q is some integers.

Answer:

Let a be any odd positive integer and b = 6

Then using Euclid’s algorithm, we get a = 6q + r here r is remainder and value of q is more than or equal to 0 and r = 0,1,2,3,4,5because 0≤r<band the value of b is 6

So total form available will be 6q, 6q + 1, 6q + 2, 6q + 3, 6q + 4, 6q + 5 ,6q + 6 is divisible by 2, so it is an even number.

6q + 1, 6 is divisible by 2 but 1 is not divisible by 2, so it is an odd number.

6q + 2 , 6 is divisible by 2 but 2 is also divisible by 2, so it is an even number.

6q + 3, 6 is divisible by 2 but 3 is not divisible by 2, so it is an odd number.

6q + 4, 6 is divisible by 2 but 4 is also divisible by 2, so it is an even number.

6q + 5, 6 is divisible by 2 but 5 is not divisible by 2, so it is an odd number.

∴ so odd numbers will in form of 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5

Question 5.

Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is of the form 3p, 3p + 1 or 3p + 2.

Answer:

Let be any positive integer. Then, it is form 3q or, 3q + 1 or, 3q + 2

So, we have the following cases:

Case I When a = 3q

In this case, we have

a² = (3q)² = 9q² = 3q(3q) = 3p, where p = 3q²

Case II When a = 3q + 1

In this case, we have

a² = (3q + 1)² = 9q² + 6q + 1 = 3q(3q + 2) + 1 = 3p + 1,

where p = q(3q + 2)

Case III When a = 3q + 2

In this case, we have

a² = (3q + 2)² = 9q² + 12q + 4 = 9q² + 12q + 3 + 1

= 3(3q² + 4q + 1) + 1 = 3p + 1

where p = 3q² + 4² + 1

Hence, a is the form of 3p or 3p + 1 or 3p + 2

Question 6.

Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.

Answer:

Let a be any positive integer. Then, it is of the form 3q or, 3q + 1 or, 3q + 2.

We know that according to Euclid's division lemma:
a = bq + r
So, we have the following cases:

Case I When a = 3q

In this case, we have

a³ = (3q)³ = 27q³ = 9(3q³ ) = 9m, where m = 3q³

Case II When a = 3q + 1

In this case, we have

a³ = (3q + 1)³

⇒ 27q³ + 27q² + 9q + 1

⇒9q(3q² + 3q + 1) + 1

⇒ a³ = 9m + 1, where m = q(3q² + 3q + 1)

Case III When a = 3q + 2

In this case, we have

a³ = (3q + 1)³

⇒ 27q³ + 54q² + 36q + 8

⇒9q(3q² + 6q + 4) + 8

⇒ a³ = 9m + 8, where m = q(3q² + 6q + 4)

Hence, a³ is the form of 9m or, 9m + 1 or, 9m + 8

Question 7.

Show that one and only one out of n, n + 2 or n + 4is divisible by 3, where n is any positive integer.

Answer:

We know that any positive integer is of the form 3q or, 3q + 1 or,

3q + 2 for some integer and one and only one of these possibilities can occur.

So, we have following cases:

Case I When n = 3q

In this case, we have

n = 3q, which is divisible by 3

Now,

⇒ n + 2 = 3q + 2,

⇒ n + 2 leaves remainder 2 when divided by 3

⇒ n + 2 is not divisible by 3

Again, n = 3q

⇒ n + 4 = 3q + 4 = 3(q + 1) + 1

⇒ n + 4leaves remainder 1 when divided by 3

⇒ n + 4 is not divisible by 3

Thus, n is divisible by 3 but n + 2 and n + 4 are not divisible by 3.

Case II When n = 3q + 1

In this case, we have

n = 3q + 1

⇒ n leaves remainder 1 when divided by 3

⇒ n is not divisible by 3

Now, n = 3q + 1

⇒ n + 2 = (3q + 1) + 2 = 3(q + 1),

⇒ n + 2 is divisible by 3

Again, n = 3q + 1

⇒ n + 4 = (3q + 1) + 4 = 3q + 5 = 3(q + 1) + 2

⇒ n + 4 leaves remainder 2 when divided by 3

⇒ n + 4 is not divisible by 3

Thus, n + 2 is divisible by 3 but n and n + 4 are not divisible by 3.

Case III When n = 3q + 2

In this case, we have

n = 3q + 2

⇒ n leaves remainder 2 when divided by 3

⇒ n is not divisible by 3

Now, n = 3q + 2

⇒ n + 2 = 3q + 2 + 2 = 3(q + 1) + 1,

⇒ n + 2 leaves remainder 1 when divided by 3

⇒ n + 2 is not divisible by 3

Again, n = 3q + 2

⇒ n + 4 = 3q + 2 + 4 = 3(q + 2)

⇒ n + 4 is divisible by 3

Thus, n + 4 is divisible by 3 but n and n + 2 are not divisible by 3.

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Exercise 1.2

Question 1.

Express each of the following number as a product of its prime factors.

(i) 140

(ii) 156

(iii) 3825

(iv) 5005

(v) 7429

Answer:

I. 140 = 2×2×5×7 = 2²×5×7

II. 156 = 2×2×3×13 = 2²×3×13

III. 3825 = 3×3×5×5×17 = 3²×5²×17

IV. 5005 = 5×7×11×13

V. 7429 = 17×19×23

Question 2.

Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by the prime factorization method.

(i) 12, 15 and 21

(ii) 17, 23 and 29

(iii) 8, 9 and 25

(iv) 72 and 108

(v) 306 and 657

Answer:

I. 12,15 and 21

12 = 2²×3

15 = 3×5

21 = 3×7

LCM = 2²×3×5×7 = 420

HCF = 3

II. 17,23 and 29

17 = 1×17

23 = 1×23

29 = 1×29

LCM = 1×17×23×29 = 11339

HCF = 1

III. 8, 9 and 5

8 = 2³

9 = 3²

5 = 1×5

LCM = 2³×3²×5 = 360

HCF = 1

IV. 72 and 108

72 = 2³×3²

108 = 2²×3³

LCM = 2⁵×3⁵ = 7776

HCF = 2²×3² = 4×9 = 36

V. 306 and 657

306 = 2×3²×17

657 = 3²×73

LCM = 2×3²×17×73 = 22338

HCF = 3² = 9

Question 3.

Check whether 6ⁿ can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.

Answer:

If any number end with digit 0, it should be divisible by 10 or in other words, it will also be divisible by 2 and 5 as

Prime factorization of 6ⁿ = (2×3)ⁿ

It can be observed that 5 is not in the prime factorization of 6ⁿ.

Hence, for an value of n, 6ⁿ will not visible by 5.

∴ 6ⁿ cannot end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.

Question 4.

Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.

Answer:

Numbers are of two types – composite and prime. Prime numbers can be divided by 1 and only itself, whereas composite numbers have factors other than 1 and itself.

It can be observed that

7×11×13 + 13 = 13×(7×11 + 1) = 13×(77 + 1) = 13×78

= 13×13×6

The given expression has 6 and 13 as its factors.

∴ , it is a composite factor.

7×6×5×4×3×2×1 + 5 = 5×(7×6×4×3×2×1 + 1)

= 5×(1008 + 1) = 5×1009

1009 cannot be factorized further. Therefore, the given expression has 5 and 1009 as its factors. Hence, it is a composite number.

Question 5.

How will you show that (17 × 11 × 2) + (17 × 11 × 5) is a composite number? Explain.

Answer:

Numbers are of two types – composite and prime. Prime numbers can be divided by 1 and only itself, whereas composite numbers have factors other than 1 and itself.

It can be observed that

(17×11×2) + (17×11×5) = 17{(11×2) + (11×5)}

= 17×{11×{(2) + (5)}} = 17×11×7

The given expression has 17, 11and 7 as its factors.

∴ it is a composite factor.

Question 6.

What is the last digit of 6¹⁰⁰.

Answer:

This is related to concept of numbers in the unit digits place of the powers of natural number. The power of 6 any index repetition 6 i.e. (6)ⁿ the last digit is 6 only.

Example:

i: 6¹ = 6

ii: 6² = 36

iii: 6³ = 216

The last digit in the expansion of 6¹⁰⁰ is 6.

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Exercise 1.3

Question 1.

Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state which are terminating and which have non-terminating, repeating decimal.

Answer:

Since, this decimal has finite number of digits

∴ it is terminating

Question 2.

Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state which are terminating and which have non-terminating, repeating decimal.

Answer:

Since, this decimal has finite number of digits

∴ it is terminating.

Question 3.

Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state which are terminating and which have non-terminating, repeating decimal.

Answer:

Since, this decimal has finite number of digits

∴ it is terminating.

Question 4.

Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state which are terminating and which have non-terminating, repeating decimal.

Answer:

Since the decimal continues endlessly, it is non-terminating and repeating.

∴ it is non-terminating and repeating.

Question 5.

Write the following rational numbers in their decimal form and also state which are terminating and which have non-terminating, repeating decimal.

Answer:

Since, this decimal has finite number of digits

∴ it is terminating.

Question 6.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 13 and 3125 are co-prime.

Now, We have to write the denominator 3125 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m

where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

3125 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 5⁵

3125 ⇒ 1325 = 1 × 5⁵ = 2⁰ × 5⁵

∴ denominator is of the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 0 and m = 5

Thus, is a Terminating decimal

Question 7.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 11 and 12 are co-prime.

Now, We have to write the denominator 12 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

12 = 2×2×3

12 = 2²×3

∴ denominator is not of the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 2 and m = 0

Thus, is Non-terminating and repeating decimal

Question 8.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 64 and 455 are co-prime.

Now, We have to write the denominator 455 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

455 = 5×7×13

∴ denominator is not of the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 0 and m = 1

Thus, is Non-terminating and repeating decimal

Question 9.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 3 and 320 are co-prime.

Now, We have to write the denominator 320 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

320 = 2×2×2×2×2×2×5 = 2⁶×5

∴ denominator is in the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 6 and m = 1

Thus, is terminating decimal.

Question 10.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 29 and 343 are co-prime.

Now, We have to write the denominator 343 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

343 = 7×7×7 = 7³

∴ denominator is not of the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 0 and m = 0

Thus, is Non-terminating and repeating decimal

Thus, is Non-terminating decimal.

Question 11.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 23 and 2³ 5² are co-prime.

Now, we have to write the denominator 2² 5⁷ 7⁵ in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

2³ 5²

∴ denominator is in the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 3 and m = 2

Thus, is terminating decimal

Question 12.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 23 and 2² 5⁷ 7⁵ are co-prime.

Now, we have to write the denominator 2² 5⁷ 7⁵ in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

2³ 5²

2²×5⁷×7⁵

∴ denominator is not of the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 2 and m = 7. Due to one more factor it is not in the form

Thus, is Non-terminating decimal.

Question 13.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 2 and 5 are co-prime.

Now, we have to write the denominator 5 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

2⁰ 5

∴ denominator is in the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 0 and m = 1

Thus, is Terminating decimal.

Question 14.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 7 and 10 are co-prime.

Now, we have to write the denominator 10 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

10 = 2×5

∴ denominator is in the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 1 and m = 1

Thus, is terminating decimal.

Question 15.

Without performing division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal form or non-terminating, repeating decimal form.

Answer:

⇒ 11 and 30 are co-prime.

Now, We have to write the denominator 30 in the form of 2ⁿ5^m where, n and m are the non-negative numbers.

30 = 2×3×5

∴ denominator is not of the form 2ⁿ5^m where, n = 1 and m = 1. Due to one more factor it is not in the form

Thus, is Non-terminating and repeating decimal.

Question 16.

Write the following rationales in decimal form using Theorem 1.1.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

Answer:

According to Euclid’s Division Algorithm,

For any two positive integers, ‘a’ and ‘b’, there exists a unique pair of integers ‘q’ and ‘r’ which satisfy the relation:

a = bq + r , 0 ≤ r ≤ b

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

Question 17.

The decimal form of some real numbers is given below. In each case, decide whether the number is rational or not. If it is rational, and expressed in form what can you say about the prime factors of q?

(i) 43.123456789

(ii) 0.120120012000120000….

(iii) 43.

Answer:

(i) 43.123456789

43.123456789 is terminating.

So, it would be a rational number

Hence, 43.123456789 is now in the form of .

And the prime factors of q are in terms of 2 and 5.

(ii) 0.120120012000120000….

0.120120012000120000…. is non-terminating and non-repeating.

So, it is not a rational number.

(iii) 43.

43. is non- terminating but terminating.

So, it would be a rational number.

In a non-terminating, repeating expansion of

q will have factors other than 2 or 5.

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Exercise 1.4

Question 1.

Prove that the following are irrational.

Answer:

Let be rational. Then, there exists positive co-primes a and b such that

⇒

⇒

⇒

is rational as a and b are integers

∴√2 is rational which contradicts to the fact that √2 is irrational.

Hence, our assumption is false and is irrational.

Question 2.

Prove that the following are irrational.

Answer:

Let us suppose that is rational.

Let be rational equal to , where a and b are integers and a≠0 and b≠0 Then,

⇒

⇒ [squaring both sides]

⇒

⇒

⇒

⇒

Since a and b are integers, is rational. So, √3 is rational

Now, this contradicts the fact that √3 is rational.

Hence √3 + √5 is irrational.

Question 3.

Prove that the following are irrational.

Answer:

6 + √2

Let 6 + √2 be a rational number equal to , where a,b are positive co-primes. Then,

6 + √2 =

⇒ √2

⇒

Since a and b are integers, is also rational and hence, √2should be rational. This is contracdicts the fact that√2is irrational. Therefore , our assumption is false and hence, 6 + √2 is irrational.

Question 4.

Prove that the following are irrational.

Answer:

√5

Let take √5as rational number equal to , where a, b are positive co-primes. Then,

⇒ √5 b = a

⇒ 5b² = a²[squaring both sides] …I

Therefore, 5 divides a² and according to theorem of rational number, for any prime number p divides a² then it will divide a also.

∴ a = 5c

Put value of a in Eq. I, we get

5b² = (5c)²

⇒ 5b² = 25c²

⇒ [divide by 25 both sides]

Using same theorem we get that b will divide by 5 and we have already get that a is divided by 5. This contradicts our assumption.

Hence, √5 is irrational.

Question 5.

Prove that the following are irrational.

Answer:

3 + 2√5

Let us assume on the contrary that 3 + 2√5 is rational. Then, there exist co-prime positive integers a and b such that

3 + 2√5

⇒

⇒

⇒ is rational [∵ a,b are integers ∴ is a rational]

This contradicts the fact that is irrational. So, our supposition is incorrect.

Hence, is an irrational number.

Question 6.

Prove that is irrational, where p, q are primes.

Answer:

Let √p + √qbe rational

⇒ √p + √q [where a, b are co-primes and integers]

Squaring both sides

⇒

⇒

⇒ 2√pq = a^2/b^2 -p-q

⇒

⇒ ….I

∴ from Eq. I our assumption contradicts here, because p is rational

Hence, √p + √q is irrational number.

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Exercise 1.5

Question 1.

Determine the value of the following.

log₂₅5

Answer:

The logarithmic form of log₂₅5

Using property of logarithmic, log_b x = and log_a a^x = x

=

Question 2.

Determine the value of the following.

log₈₁3

Answer:

The logarithmic form of log₈₁3

Using property of logarithmic, log_b x = and log_a a^x = x

=

Question 3.

Determine the value of the following.

Answer:

The logarithmic form of log₂

Using property of logarithmic,

= log₂ 1 – log₂16

= 0 – log₂2⁴

= 0 – 4 = -4

Question 4.

Determine the value of the following.

log₇1

Answer:

The logarithmic form of log₇ 1

= 0

Question 5.

Determine the value of the following.

Answer:

The logarithmic form of log_x √x

Using the property of logarithmic, log_a a^x = x

= log_x x^1/2

=

Question 6.

Determine the value of the following.

Answer:

The Logarithmic form of log₂512

Using the property of logarithmic, log_a a^x = x

= log₂2⁹

= 9

Question 7.

Determine the value of the following.

log₁₀0.01

Answer:

The Logarithmic form of log₁₀0.01

= log₁₀

Using property of logarithmic, and log_a a^x = x

= log₁₀1 – log₁₀100

= 0 – log₁₀10²

= 0 – 2 = -2

Question 8.

Determine the value of the following.

Answer:

The Logarithmic form of

Using the property of logarithmic, log_a a^x = x

=

=

= 3

Question 9.

Determine the value of the following.

2^{2 + log}₂³

Answer:

The Logarithmic form of 2^{2 + log}₂³

Using property of logarithmic, a^{m + n} = a^m × aⁿ and a^log_a^x = x

= 2^{2 + log}₂³

= 2² × 2^log₂³

= 4 × 3

= 12

Question 10.

Write each of the following expressions as log N. Determine the value of N. (You can assume the base is 10, but the results are identical which ever base is used).
(i) log2 + log5

(ii) log 16 – log 2

(iii) 3 log 4

(iv) 2 log 3 – 3 log 2

(v) log 243 + log 1

(vi) log 10 + 2 log 3 – log 2

Answer:

Some basic logarithmic formulas are

1. a^log_ab = b
2. log_a 1 = 0
3. log_a a = 1
4. log_a(x · y) = log_ax + log_ay
5. log_a xy = log_ax - log_ay
6. log_a 1x = -log_ax
7. log_a x^p = p log_ax
8. log_a^k x = 1k log_a x, for k ≠ 0

I. log 2 + log 5

using the property of logarithm, log_a xy = log_a x + log_a y

= log(2 × 5)

= log 10

N = 10

II. log 16 – log 2

using the property of logarithm,

and

= log (16/2)
= log 8
N = 8

III. 3 log 4

Using the property of logarithm,

log (4)³
= log 64
N = 64

IV. 2 log 3 - 3 log 2

using the property of logarithm,

and

= log 3²-log 2³

=

=

N = 9/8

V. log 243 + log 1
Using log a + log b = log ab
= log 243(1)
= log 243

VI. log 10 + 2 log 3 - log 2

using the property of logarithm, log_a xy = log_a x + log_a y

= log 5 + log 2 + log 3² - log 2

= log 5 + log 9

= log (5×9)

= log 45

Question 11.

Evaluate each of the following in terms of x and y, if it is given x = log₂3 and y = log₂5

(i) log₂ 15 (ii) log₂7.5

(iii) log₂60 (iv) log₂6750

Answer:

I. log₂15

⇒ log₂5 + log₂3 〗[∵]

⇒ x + y

II. log₂7.5

⇒ log₂

⇒ log₂15 - log₂2 [∵]

⇒ log₂5 + log₂3-log₂2[∵]

⇒ x + y-1

III.

⇒ log₂12 + log₂5 [∵]

⇒ log₂4 + log₂3 + log₂5 [∵]

⇒ 2log₂2 + log₂3 + log₂5

⇒ 2(1) + x + y = x + y + 2

IV. log₂6750

⇒ log₂54 + log₂125〗

⇒ log₂27 + log₂2 + log₂125 〗 〗

⇒ log₂3³ + log₂5³ + log₂2

⇒ 3 log₂3 + 3 log₂5 + log₂2

⇒ 3x + 3y + 1

Question 12.

Expand the following.

(i) log1000

(ii)

(iii) logx²y³z⁴

(iv)

(v)

Answer:

i.

ii. =

⇒ log2⁷ - log5⁴

⇒ 7log2 - 4 log5

iii. logx² y³ z⁴

⇒ logx² + + logy³ + logz⁴

⇒ 2 logx + 3 logy + 4 logz

iv. logp² q³-logr

⇒ logp² + log q³-log r

⇒ 2 log p + 3 log q-log r

v. =

⇒

⇒ {3log x + 2 log y} = log x + log y

Question 13.

If x² + y² = 25xy, then prove that 2 log(x + y) = 3log3 + logx + logy.

Answer:

x² + y² = 25xy

Adding 2xy on both sides

x² + y² + 2xy = 27xy

(x + y)² = 27xy

Taking log both sides

log (x + y)² = log 27xy

2 log (x + y) = log 27 + log x + log y

2 log(x + y) = log 3³ + log x + log y

2 log (x + y) = 3 log 3 + log x + log y

Hence proved.

Question 14.

If then find the value of

Answer:

⇒

⇒ [∵] [∵]

Remove log from both sides

⇒

⇒ = xy

⇒ x² + y² + 2xy = 9xy

⇒ x² + y² = 7xy

Divide by both sides

⇒

Question 15.

If (2.3) ^x = (0.23) ^y = 1000 then find the value of

Answer:

2.3^x = 0.23^y = 1000

Consider 2.3^x = 1000

⇒ log 2.3^x = log10³

⇒ x log2.3 = 3 log 10

⇒ log2.3 = [∵ log10 = 1] …..I

Consider 0.23^y = 1000

⇒ log 0.23^y = log 1000

⇒ y log0.23 = log 10³

⇒ y log 0.23 = 3 log 10

⇒ log 0.23 = ……..II

Subtract eq. II from I

⇒

⇒

⇒

⇒

⇒

⇒

Question 16.

If then find the value of x.

Answer:

2^{(x + 1)} = 3^(1-x)

Taking log base both sides

log(2^{(x + 1)}) = log(3^(1-x))

(x + 1) log 2 = (1 - x) log 3

x log 2 + x log 3 = log 3 - log 2

x(log 2 + log 3) = log 3 - log 2

x = (log 3 - log 2)/(log 2 + log 3)

Question 17.

Is

log2 rational or irrational? Justify your answer.

Answer:

Assume that log 2 is rational, that is,

…(1)

where p, q are integers.

Since, and therefore, p<q

From Eq. 1,

2^q = (2×5)^p

2^(q-p) = 5^p

Where p-q is an integer greater than 0.

Now, it can be seen that the L.H.S is even and the R.H.S is odd.

Hence, there is contradiction and log 2 is irrational.

Question 18.

log 100 rational or irrational? Justify your answer.

Answer:

Let us assume log 100 is rational

log 100 = log₁₀ 100

log₁₀ 10² = 2 log₁₀ 10 = 2

As 2 is rational number, ∴ log 100 is also rational.