Class 9th Mathematics AP Board Solution
Exercise 1.1- (a) Write any three rational numbers (b) Explain rational number is in your own…
- Give one example each to the following statements. i. A number which is rational…
- Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
- Insert three rational numbers between 2/3 3/5 .
- Represent 8/5 -8/5 on a numberline
- Express the following rational numbers as decimals numbers I. i. 242/1000 ii.…
- Express each of the following decimals in p/q form where q ≠ 0 and p, q are…
- Express each of the following decimal number in the p/q form i) 0.5 ii) 3. bar 8…
- Without actually dividing find which of the following are terminating decimals.…
Exercise 1.2- Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational. i. root 27 ii. root…
- Explain with an example how irrational numbers differ from rational numbers?…
- Find an irrational number between 5/7 7/9 . How many more there may be?…
- Find two irrational numbers between 0.7 and 0.77
- Find the value of √5 upto 3 decimal places.
- Find the value of √7 up to six decimal places by long division method.…
- Locate √10 on number line.
- Find at least two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.
- State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.…
Exercise 1.3- Visualise 2.874 on the number line, using successive magnification.…
- Visualilse 5. bar 28 on the number line, upto 3 decimal places.
Exercise 1.4- Simplify the following expressions. i. (5 + root 7) (2 + root 5) ii. (5 + root…
- Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational. i. 5 - root 3 ii. root…
- In the following equations, find whether variables x, y, z etc. represent…
- The ratio of circumference to the diameter of a circle c/d is represented by p.…
- Rationalise the denominators of the following: i. 1/3 + root 2 ii. 1/root 7 -…
- Simplify each of the following by rationalising the denominator: i. 6-4 root…
- Find the value of root 10 - root 5/2 root 2 upto three decimal places. (take √2…
- Find: i. 64^1/6 ii. 32^1/5 iii. 625^1/4 iv. 16^3/2 v. 243^2/5 vi. (46656)^-1/6…
- Simplify : root [4]81-8 cube root 343+15 root [5]32 + root 225
- If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are rational numbers, find the value of a and b in each of the…
- (a) Write any three rational numbers (b) Explain rational number is in your own…
- Give one example each to the following statements. i. A number which is rational…
- Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
- Insert three rational numbers between 2/3 3/5 .
- Represent 8/5 -8/5 on a numberline
- Express the following rational numbers as decimals numbers I. i. 242/1000 ii.…
- Express each of the following decimals in p/q form where q ≠ 0 and p, q are…
- Express each of the following decimal number in the p/q form i) 0.5 ii) 3. bar 8…
- Without actually dividing find which of the following are terminating decimals.…
- Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational. i. root 27 ii. root…
- Explain with an example how irrational numbers differ from rational numbers?…
- Find an irrational number between 5/7 7/9 . How many more there may be?…
- Find two irrational numbers between 0.7 and 0.77
- Find the value of √5 upto 3 decimal places.
- Find the value of √7 up to six decimal places by long division method.…
- Locate √10 on number line.
- Find at least two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.
- State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.…
- Visualise 2.874 on the number line, using successive magnification.…
- Visualilse 5. bar 28 on the number line, upto 3 decimal places.
- Simplify the following expressions. i. (5 + root 7) (2 + root 5) ii. (5 + root…
- Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational. i. 5 - root 3 ii. root…
- In the following equations, find whether variables x, y, z etc. represent…
- The ratio of circumference to the diameter of a circle c/d is represented by p.…
- Rationalise the denominators of the following: i. 1/3 + root 2 ii. 1/root 7 -…
- Simplify each of the following by rationalising the denominator: i. 6-4 root…
- Find the value of root 10 - root 5/2 root 2 upto three decimal places. (take √2…
- Find: i. 64^1/6 ii. 32^1/5 iii. 625^1/4 iv. 16^3/2 v. 243^2/5 vi. (46656)^-1/6…
- Simplify : root [4]81-8 cube root 343+15 root [5]32 + root 225
- If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are rational numbers, find the value of a and b in each of the…
Exercise 1.1
Question 1.(a) Write any three rational numbers
(b) Explain rational number is in your own words.
Answer:(a). A rational number is any number that can be expressed as a quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, where p is a numerator and q is a denominator, provided that p is non-zero i.e., p ≠ 0.
Any three rational numbers can be 1, -6.6, 4/5.
(this is because 1 can be written as 1/1, -6.6 can be written as -66/10 or -33/5 & 4/5 is already in p/q form)
(b). Rational number can be defined easily, as basically any sort of number that can possibly be written in a p/q form, numerator is p and denominator is q (q is non-zero).
Since, a rational number is merely an integer or fraction, we can say that we can find infinite rational numbers between two distinct numbers. It might be difficult to obtain rational numbers minutely from a number line graph and hence, formulas are used to find rational numbers.
Its range is from negative numbers in an axis to positive numbers, including zero. Infact all whole numbers, all positive and negative numbers are rational numbers.
Some examples:
1/2 is a rational number (p/q form, where q ≠ 0)
0.50 is a rational number (1/2)
1 is a rational number (1/1)
2.12 is a rational number (212/100)
-6.5 is a rational number (-13/2)
Question 2.Give one example each to the following statements.
i. A number which is rational but not an integer
ii. A whole number which is not a natural number
iii. An integer which is not a whole number
iv. A number which is natural number, whole number, integer and rational number.
v. A number which is an integer but not a natural number.
Answer:(i). Integer is any number that can be written without a fractional component. So, write a rational number in which numerator and denominator doesn’t have any common factor.
For example: 99/98, 2/3, 57/2 etc…
(ii). Whole numbers are all positive natural numbers including zero.
Natural numbers are the set of positive integers from 1 to infinity, excluding fractional and decimal parts. Basically, they are whole numbers without 0.
This clearly implies that 0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.
(iii). Integers are set of positive as well as negative numbers, that can be written without a fractional component. While whole numbers are natural numbers, including 0.
Thus, all negative non-fractional numbers are integers but not whole numbers.
For example: -1, -2, -3, etc…
(iv). Natural numbers are counting numbers (positive, non-fractional and non-decimal). (1, 2, 3, 4, …)
Whole numbers are all positive natural numbers, including 0. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …)
Integer is any number that can be written without a fractional component. (…, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …)
And rational numbers are numbers that can be written in the form p/q, where p is a numerator and q ≠ 0 is a denominator. (1, 2/1, 3/2, 55/3, …)
Drawing out a common number from these set, we can say
1, 2, 3, … are numbers which are natural, whole, integer and rational numbers.
(v). Natural numbers are positive counting numbers, excluding fractions and decimals.
Integers are basically any numbers that can be written without fractional component.
So, numbers which are integers but not natural numbers are:
-3, -2, -44, -1, …
Question 3.Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
Answer:We can represent a rational number between two numbers a and b as
(a + b)/2
Now, put a = 1 and b = 2.
Then,
Rational number between 1 and 2 
Rational number between 1 and 3/2 
Rational number between 1 and 5/4 = 
Rational number between 5/4 and 3/2 
Rational number between 3/2 and 2 
Hence, five rational numbers between 1 and 2 are 3/2, 5/4, 9/8, 11/8 and 7/4.
Question 4.Insert three rational numbers between 
.
Answer:We can represent a rational number between two rational numbers a and b as
(a + b)/2
Now, put a = 2/3 and b = 3/5.
Then,
A rational number between 2/3 and 3/5 = 
A rational number between 2/3 and 19/30 
A rational number between 19/30 and 3/5 = 
Hence, three rational numbers between 2/3 and 3/5 are 19/30, 39/60 and 37/60.
Question 5.Represent 
on a numberline
Answer:8/5 = 1.6 and -8/5 = -1.6
Thus, 1.6 lies between 1 and 2; -1.6 lies between -2 and -1.
Step 1: Divide 0 to -2 and 0 to 2 into equal parts. (…, -9/5, -8/5, …, 0, 1/5, 2/5, …, 1, 6/5, 7/5, …, 11/5, …)
Step 2: Mark -8/5 and 8/5 on the number lines.
Question 6.Express the following rational numbers as decimals numbers
I. i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
II. i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
Answer:I. (i). 242/1000 = 242 × 10-3
⇒ 242/1000 = 0.242
(∵ 242 ÷ 1000 = 0.242)
(ii). 354/500 = (354/5) × 10-2
⇒ 354/500 = 70.8 × 10-2
Or 354/500 = 70.8 ÷ 100
⇒ 354/500 = 0.708
(iii). 2/5 = 2 ÷ 5
⇒ 2/5 = 0.4
(iv). 115/4 = 115 ÷ 4
⇒ 115/4 = 28.75
II. (i). 2/3 = 2 ÷ 3
⇒ 2/3 = 0.6666666…
This is clearly a repeating or recurring decimal. Thus, round-off the decimal in 2-digit or so after the decimal point.
⇒ 2/3 = 0.67
(ii). -25/36 = -25 ÷ 36
⇒ -25/36 = -0.6944444…
This is clearly a repeating or recurring decimal. Thus, by rounding off in 4-digit or so after the decimal point.
⇒ -25/36 = -0.6944
(iii). 22/7 = 22 ÷ 7
⇒ 22/7 = 3.142857143…
This clearly is non-repeating, non-terminating decimal, which is a decimal number which continues endlessly with no group of digits repeating endlessly.
Thus, take only 2 or 3 digit after decimal point.
⇒ 22/7 = 3.14
This number is also called π (pi).
(iv). 11/9 = 11 ÷ 9
⇒ 11/9 = 1.2222222…
This is a repeating or recurring decimal. Thus, round it off to 2 or so digits after the decimal point.
⇒ 11/9 = 1.22
Question 7.Express each of the following decimals in 
form where q ≠ 0 and p, q are integers
i) 0.36 ii) 15.4
iii) 10.25 iv) 3.25
Answer:(i). 0.36 = 36/100
Simplify it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 0.36 = 18/50
On further simplifying it,
⇒ 0.36 = 9/25
This cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
9/25 is in p/q form, where p = 9 and q = 25 are integers and q = 25 ≠ 0.
Hence, the answer is 9/25.
(ii). 15.4 = 154/10
Simplifying it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 15.4 = 77/5
This cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
77/5 is in p/q form, where p = 77 and q = 5 are integers and q = 5 ≠ 0.
Hence, the answer is 77/5.
(iii). 10.25 = 1025/100
Simplifying it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 10.25 = 205/20
On further simplifying it,
⇒ 10.25 = 41/4
This cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
41/4 is in the form p/q, where p = 41 and q = 4 are integers and q = 4 ≠ 0
Hence, the answer is 41/4.
(iv) 3.25 = 325/100
Now, on simplifying,
3.25 = 13/4
13/4 is in the form p/q, where p = 13 and q = 4 are integers and q = 4 ≠ 0
Question 8.Express each of the following decimal number in the form
i) 0.5 ii) 
iii) 
iv) 
Answer:(i). 0.5 = 5/10
Simplifying it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 0.5 = 1/2
It cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
1/2 is in the form p/q, where p = 1 and q = 2 are integers and q = 2 ≠ 0.
Hence, the answer is 1/2.
(ii). 
This has to be converted in p/q form.
Let 
,
That is, x = 3.88888… …(i)
Multiply 10 on both sides,
10 × x = 10 × 3.88888…
⇒ 10x = 38.8888… …(ii)
Subtracting equations (i) from (ii), we get
10x – x = 38.8888… - 3.88888…
⇒ 9x = 35
⇒ x = 35/9
35/9 is in the form of p/q, where p = 35 and q = 9 are integers and q = 9 ≠ 0.
Thus, 
.
(iii). 
This has to be converted in p/q form.
Let 
,
That is, x = 0.363636… …(i)
Multiply 100 on both sides,
100 × x = 100 × 0.363636…
⇒ 100x = 36.363636… …(ii)
Subtracting equations (i) from (ii), we get
100x – x = 36.363636… - 0.363636…
⇒ 99x = 36
⇒ x = 99/36
Simplifying it further,
⇒ x = 11/4
11/4 is in the form of p/q, where p = 11 and q = 4 are integers and q = 4 ≠ 0.
Thus, 
.
(iv). 
This has to be converted in p/q form.
Let 
,
That is, x = 3.127777… …(i)
Multiply 100 by equation (i),
100 × x = 100 × 3.127777…
⇒ 100x = 312.7777… …(ii)
Multiply 1000 by equation (ii),
1000 × x = 1000 × 3.127777…
⇒ 1000x = 3127.7777… …(iii)
Subtract equation (ii) from (iii), we get
1000x – 100x = 3127.7777… - 312.7777…
⇒ 900x = 2815
⇒ x = 2815/900
⇒ x = 563/180
563/180 is in the form of p/q, where p = 563 and q = 180 are integers and q = 180 ≠ 0.
Thus, 
.
Question 9.Without actually dividing find which of the following are terminating decimals.
i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
Answer:(i). We have
Therefore, it clearly is non-terminating decimal. (since, it is recurring or repeating).
Justification:
First, converting it in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
So, let 
.
That is, x = 0.55555… …(i)
Multiply 10 by equation (i),
10 × x = 10 × 0.55555…
⇒ 10x = 5.55555… …(ii)
Subtracting equations (i) from (ii), we get
10x – x = 5.5555… - 0.5555…
⇒ 9x = 5
⇒ x = 5/9
Now, by factorizing the denominator, we get
9 = 3 × 3 = 32
∵ Denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5n.
∴ 
is non-terminating.
(ii). We have 11/18.
Now, without actual division, we got to factorize the denominator of the rational number.
By factorizing the denominator, we get
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
⇒ 18 = 2 × 32
∵ Denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5n.
∴ 11/18 is non-terminating.
(iii). We have 13/20.
Now, without actual division, we got to factorize the denominator of the rational number.
By factorizing the denominator, we get
20 = 2 × 2 × 5
⇒ 20 = 22 × 51
∵ Denominator is in the form of 2n × 5n (i.e., 22 × 51)
∴ 13/20 is terminating decimal.
(iv). We have 41/42.
Now, without actual division, we got to factorize the denominator of the rational number.
By factorizing the denominator, we get
42 = 2 × 3 × 7
∵ Denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5n.
∴ 41/42 is non-terminating.
(a) Write any three rational numbers
(b) Explain rational number is in your own words.
Answer:
(a). A rational number is any number that can be expressed as a quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, where p is a numerator and q is a denominator, provided that p is non-zero i.e., p ≠ 0.
Any three rational numbers can be 1, -6.6, 4/5.
(this is because 1 can be written as 1/1, -6.6 can be written as -66/10 or -33/5 & 4/5 is already in p/q form)
(b). Rational number can be defined easily, as basically any sort of number that can possibly be written in a p/q form, numerator is p and denominator is q (q is non-zero).
Since, a rational number is merely an integer or fraction, we can say that we can find infinite rational numbers between two distinct numbers. It might be difficult to obtain rational numbers minutely from a number line graph and hence, formulas are used to find rational numbers.
Its range is from negative numbers in an axis to positive numbers, including zero. Infact all whole numbers, all positive and negative numbers are rational numbers.
Some examples:
1/2 is a rational number (p/q form, where q ≠ 0)
0.50 is a rational number (1/2)
1 is a rational number (1/1)
2.12 is a rational number (212/100)
-6.5 is a rational number (-13/2)
Question 2.
Give one example each to the following statements.
i. A number which is rational but not an integer
ii. A whole number which is not a natural number
iii. An integer which is not a whole number
iv. A number which is natural number, whole number, integer and rational number.
v. A number which is an integer but not a natural number.
Answer:
(i). Integer is any number that can be written without a fractional component. So, write a rational number in which numerator and denominator doesn’t have any common factor.
For example: 99/98, 2/3, 57/2 etc…
(ii). Whole numbers are all positive natural numbers including zero.
Natural numbers are the set of positive integers from 1 to infinity, excluding fractional and decimal parts. Basically, they are whole numbers without 0.
This clearly implies that 0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.
(iii). Integers are set of positive as well as negative numbers, that can be written without a fractional component. While whole numbers are natural numbers, including 0.
Thus, all negative non-fractional numbers are integers but not whole numbers.
For example: -1, -2, -3, etc…
(iv). Natural numbers are counting numbers (positive, non-fractional and non-decimal). (1, 2, 3, 4, …)
Whole numbers are all positive natural numbers, including 0. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …)
Integer is any number that can be written without a fractional component. (…, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …)
And rational numbers are numbers that can be written in the form p/q, where p is a numerator and q ≠ 0 is a denominator. (1, 2/1, 3/2, 55/3, …)
Drawing out a common number from these set, we can say
1, 2, 3, … are numbers which are natural, whole, integer and rational numbers.
(v). Natural numbers are positive counting numbers, excluding fractions and decimals.
Integers are basically any numbers that can be written without fractional component.
So, numbers which are integers but not natural numbers are:
-3, -2, -44, -1, …
Question 3.
Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
Answer:
We can represent a rational number between two numbers a and b as
(a + b)/2
Now, put a = 1 and b = 2.
Then,
Rational number between 1 and 2
Rational number between 1 and 3/2
Rational number between 1 and 5/4 =
Rational number between 5/4 and 3/2
Rational number between 3/2 and 2
Hence, five rational numbers between 1 and 2 are 3/2, 5/4, 9/8, 11/8 and 7/4.
Question 4.
Insert three rational numbers between .
Answer:
We can represent a rational number between two rational numbers a and b as
(a + b)/2
Now, put a = 2/3 and b = 3/5.
Then,
A rational number between 2/3 and 3/5 =
A rational number between 2/3 and 19/30
A rational number between 19/30 and 3/5 =
Hence, three rational numbers between 2/3 and 3/5 are 19/30, 39/60 and 37/60.
Question 5.
Represent on a numberline
Answer:
8/5 = 1.6 and -8/5 = -1.6
Thus, 1.6 lies between 1 and 2; -1.6 lies between -2 and -1.
Step 1: Divide 0 to -2 and 0 to 2 into equal parts. (…, -9/5, -8/5, …, 0, 1/5, 2/5, …, 1, 6/5, 7/5, …, 11/5, …)
Step 2: Mark -8/5 and 8/5 on the number lines.
Question 6.
Express the following rational numbers as decimals numbers
I. i. ii.
iii. iv.
II. i. ii.
iii. iv.
Answer:
I. (i). 242/1000 = 242 × 10-3
⇒ 242/1000 = 0.242
(∵ 242 ÷ 1000 = 0.242)
(ii). 354/500 = (354/5) × 10-2
⇒ 354/500 = 70.8 × 10-2
Or 354/500 = 70.8 ÷ 100
⇒ 354/500 = 0.708
(iii). 2/5 = 2 ÷ 5
⇒ 2/5 = 0.4
(iv). 115/4 = 115 ÷ 4
⇒ 115/4 = 28.75
II. (i). 2/3 = 2 ÷ 3
⇒ 2/3 = 0.6666666…
This is clearly a repeating or recurring decimal. Thus, round-off the decimal in 2-digit or so after the decimal point.
⇒ 2/3 = 0.67
(ii). -25/36 = -25 ÷ 36
⇒ -25/36 = -0.6944444…
This is clearly a repeating or recurring decimal. Thus, by rounding off in 4-digit or so after the decimal point.
⇒ -25/36 = -0.6944
(iii). 22/7 = 22 ÷ 7
⇒ 22/7 = 3.142857143…
This clearly is non-repeating, non-terminating decimal, which is a decimal number which continues endlessly with no group of digits repeating endlessly.
Thus, take only 2 or 3 digit after decimal point.
⇒ 22/7 = 3.14
This number is also called π (pi).
(iv). 11/9 = 11 ÷ 9
⇒ 11/9 = 1.2222222…
This is a repeating or recurring decimal. Thus, round it off to 2 or so digits after the decimal point.
⇒ 11/9 = 1.22
Question 7.
Express each of the following decimals in form where q ≠ 0 and p, q are integers
i) 0.36 ii) 15.4
iii) 10.25 iv) 3.25
Answer:
(i). 0.36 = 36/100
Simplify it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 0.36 = 18/50
On further simplifying it,
⇒ 0.36 = 9/25
This cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
9/25 is in p/q form, where p = 9 and q = 25 are integers and q = 25 ≠ 0.
Hence, the answer is 9/25.
(ii). 15.4 = 154/10
Simplifying it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 15.4 = 77/5
This cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
77/5 is in p/q form, where p = 77 and q = 5 are integers and q = 5 ≠ 0.
Hence, the answer is 77/5.
(iii). 10.25 = 1025/100
Simplifying it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 10.25 = 205/20
On further simplifying it,
⇒ 10.25 = 41/4
This cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
41/4 is in the form p/q, where p = 41 and q = 4 are integers and q = 4 ≠ 0
Hence, the answer is 41/4.
(iv) 3.25 = 325/100
Now, on simplifying,
3.25 = 13/4
13/4 is in the form p/q, where p = 13 and q = 4 are integers and q = 4 ≠ 0
Question 8.
Express each of the following decimal number in the form
i) 0.5 ii)
iii) iv)
Answer:
(i). 0.5 = 5/10
Simplifying it in the same p/q form,
⇒ 0.5 = 1/2
It cannot be further simplified in p/q form.
1/2 is in the form p/q, where p = 1 and q = 2 are integers and q = 2 ≠ 0.
Hence, the answer is 1/2.
(ii).
This has to be converted in p/q form.
Let ,
That is, x = 3.88888… …(i)
Multiply 10 on both sides,
10 × x = 10 × 3.88888…
⇒ 10x = 38.8888… …(ii)
Subtracting equations (i) from (ii), we get
10x – x = 38.8888… - 3.88888…
⇒ 9x = 35
⇒ x = 35/9
35/9 is in the form of p/q, where p = 35 and q = 9 are integers and q = 9 ≠ 0.
Thus, .
(iii).
This has to be converted in p/q form.
Let ,
That is, x = 0.363636… …(i)
Multiply 100 on both sides,
100 × x = 100 × 0.363636…
⇒ 100x = 36.363636… …(ii)
Subtracting equations (i) from (ii), we get
100x – x = 36.363636… - 0.363636…
⇒ 99x = 36
⇒ x = 99/36
Simplifying it further,
⇒ x = 11/4
11/4 is in the form of p/q, where p = 11 and q = 4 are integers and q = 4 ≠ 0.
Thus, .
(iv).
This has to be converted in p/q form.
Let ,
That is, x = 3.127777… …(i)
Multiply 100 by equation (i),
100 × x = 100 × 3.127777…
⇒ 100x = 312.7777… …(ii)
Multiply 1000 by equation (ii),
1000 × x = 1000 × 3.127777…
⇒ 1000x = 3127.7777… …(iii)
Subtract equation (ii) from (iii), we get
1000x – 100x = 3127.7777… - 312.7777…
⇒ 900x = 2815
⇒ x = 2815/900
⇒ x = 563/180
563/180 is in the form of p/q, where p = 563 and q = 180 are integers and q = 180 ≠ 0.
Thus, .
Question 9.
Without actually dividing find which of the following are terminating decimals.
i. ii.
iii. iv.
Answer:
(i). We have
Therefore, it clearly is non-terminating decimal. (since, it is recurring or repeating).
Justification:
First, converting it in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
So, let .
That is, x = 0.55555… …(i)
Multiply 10 by equation (i),
10 × x = 10 × 0.55555…
⇒ 10x = 5.55555… …(ii)
Subtracting equations (i) from (ii), we get
10x – x = 5.5555… - 0.5555…
⇒ 9x = 5
⇒ x = 5/9
Now, by factorizing the denominator, we get
9 = 3 × 3 = 32
∵ Denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5n.
∴ is non-terminating.
(ii). We have 11/18.
Now, without actual division, we got to factorize the denominator of the rational number.
By factorizing the denominator, we get
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
⇒ 18 = 2 × 32
∵ Denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5n.
∴ 11/18 is non-terminating.
(iii). We have 13/20.
Now, without actual division, we got to factorize the denominator of the rational number.
By factorizing the denominator, we get
20 = 2 × 2 × 5
⇒ 20 = 22 × 51
∵ Denominator is in the form of 2n × 5n (i.e., 22 × 51)
∴ 13/20 is terminating decimal.
(iv). We have 41/42.
Now, without actual division, we got to factorize the denominator of the rational number.
By factorizing the denominator, we get
42 = 2 × 3 × 7
∵ Denominator is not in the form of 2n × 5n.
∴ 41/42 is non-terminating.
Exercise 1.2
Question 1.Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational.
i. 
ii. 
iii. 30.232342345…
iv. 7.484848…
v. 11.2132435465
vi. 0.3030030003.....
Answer:(i) On prime factorization 27 = 33
√(33) = 3√3
√3 is an irrational number and so √27 is an irrational number
(ii) On prime factorization 441 = 72 × 32
√(72 × 32) = 21
Since 441 is a perfect square so square root of it is a rational number
(iii) The decimal is not terminating in case of this number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
(iv) The decimal is not terminating in case of this number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
(v) The decimal is a terminating decimal number.
So it can be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an rational number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
(vi) The decimal is not terminating in case of this number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
Question 2.Explain with an example how irrational numbers differ from rational numbers?
Answer:The rational numbers can be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
The irrational numbers doesn’t have a terminating decimal number, so they can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
For example:
i) 
The number 4.43 can be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator. So it is a rational number.
ii) √5 = 2.236067977…
This number doesn’t have a terminating decimal number, so they can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So it is an irrational number.
Question 3.Find an irrational number between 
. How many more there may be?
Answer:
When two numbers are irrational then their mean is also irrational
Mean 
⇒ Mean = 0.746031746…
So 
is an irrational number between the two given numbers.
Question 4.Find two irrational numbers between 0.7 and 0.77
Answer:First we square the two given numbers
0.72 = 0.49
0.772 = 0.5929
Square root of any two non perfect square numbers between 0.49 and 0.5929 will give an irrational number since they are not perfect squares.
√0.5 = 0.7071067811…
√0.53 = 0.728010988…
So √0.5 and √0.53 are the two irrational numbers between 0.7 and 0.77
Question 5.Find the value of √5 upto 3 decimal places.
Answer:Step 1: Since 5 is not a perfect square so we have to take the next greatest perfect square just less than 5 which is 4.
Step 2: Since the remainder is less than the quotient so a decimal is added and two zeroes are added. This becomes the dividend for the next division.
Step 3: The quotient in the previous step is now added with the divisor. A single digit is added at the end and this resulting number is multiplied with the same single digit such that it is less than the dividend for the next division.
Step 4: The remainder in this step is again added with two zeroes and this process continues until we get the number of digits required after decimal point.
Answer is 2.236
Question 6.Find the value of √7 up to six decimal places by long division method.
Answer:Step 1: Since 7 is not a perfect square so we have to take the next greatest perfect square just less than 7 which is 4.
Step 2: Since the remainder is less than the quotient so a decimal is added and two zeroes are added. This becomes the dividend for the next division.
Step 3: The quotient in the previous step is now added with the divisor. A single digit is added at the end and this resulting number is multiplied with the same single digit such that it is less than the dividend for the next division.
Step 4: The remainder in this step is again added with two zeroes and this process continues until we get the number of digits required after decimal point.
Square root is 2.645751
Question 7.Locate √10 on number line.
Answer:According to Pythagoras theorem:
Hypotenuse = √ (Perpendicular2 + Base2)
√10 = √ (32 + 12)
To plot √ 10 we can use the above concept
Step 1: Draw a number line and mark a distance of 3 units from 0 to 3 and mark the point as C
Step 2: Draw a perpendicular of 1 unit from C and mark it as B. Mark the point 0 as A.
Step 3: Join AB
Step 4: Δ ABC becomes a right angled triangle with AB = √10 units from Pythagoras theorem.
Step 5: Taking AB as radius draw an arc taking A as centre until it meets the number line. Mark the point as P.
Step 6: The point P is the required point √10 to be plot on the number line
Question 8.Find at least two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.
Answer:First we square the two given numbers
22 = 4
32 = 9
Square root of any two numbers between 4 and 9 will give an irrational number since they are not perfect squares.
√5 = 2.236067977…
√7 = 2.645751311…
So √5 and √7 are the two irrational numbers between 2 and 3
Question 9.State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Every rational number is a real number.
(iii) Every real number need not be a rational number
(iv) √n is not irrational if n is a perfect square.
(v) √n is irrational if n is not a perfect square.
(vi) All real numbers are irrational.
Answer:(i) The statement is true.
Reason: Each and every irrational number can be plotted in the real number line and hence they are all real.
(ii) The statement is true.
Reason: Each and every rational number can be plotted in the real number line and hence they are all real.
(iii) The statement is true.
Reason: The set of rational number is a subset of real number. The set of real number is composed of both rational and irrational number.
(iv) The statement is true
Reason: Square root of a positive real number is either a rational number if it’s a perfect square or else it is an irrational number.
(v) The statement is true
Reason: Square root of a positive real number is either a rational number if it’s a perfect square or else it is an irrational number.
(vi) The statement is false.
Reason: The set of irrational number is a subset of real number. The set of real number is composed of both rational and irrational number.
Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational.
i.
ii.
iii. 30.232342345…
iv. 7.484848…
v. 11.2132435465
vi. 0.3030030003.....
Answer:
(i) On prime factorization 27 = 33
√(33) = 3√3
√3 is an irrational number and so √27 is an irrational number
(ii) On prime factorization 441 = 72 × 32
√(72 × 32) = 21
Since 441 is a perfect square so square root of it is a rational number
(iii) The decimal is not terminating in case of this number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
(iv) The decimal is not terminating in case of this number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
(v) The decimal is a terminating decimal number.
So it can be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an rational number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
(vi) The decimal is not terminating in case of this number.
So it can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So the number is an irrational number.
Question 2.
Explain with an example how irrational numbers differ from rational numbers?
Answer:
The rational numbers can be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
The irrational numbers doesn’t have a terminating decimal number, so they can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
For example:
i)
The number 4.43 can be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator. So it is a rational number.
ii) √5 = 2.236067977…
This number doesn’t have a terminating decimal number, so they can never be expressed in the form of fraction i.e. numerator by denominator.
So it is an irrational number.
Question 3.
Find an irrational number between . How many more there may be?
Answer:
When two numbers are irrational then their mean is also irrational
Mean
⇒ Mean = 0.746031746…
So is an irrational number between the two given numbers.
Question 4.
Find two irrational numbers between 0.7 and 0.77
Answer:
First we square the two given numbers
0.72 = 0.49
0.772 = 0.5929
Square root of any two non perfect square numbers between 0.49 and 0.5929 will give an irrational number since they are not perfect squares.
√0.5 = 0.7071067811…
√0.53 = 0.728010988…
So √0.5 and √0.53 are the two irrational numbers between 0.7 and 0.77
Question 5.
Find the value of √5 upto 3 decimal places.
Answer:
Step 1: Since 5 is not a perfect square so we have to take the next greatest perfect square just less than 5 which is 4.
Step 2: Since the remainder is less than the quotient so a decimal is added and two zeroes are added. This becomes the dividend for the next division.
Step 3: The quotient in the previous step is now added with the divisor. A single digit is added at the end and this resulting number is multiplied with the same single digit such that it is less than the dividend for the next division.
Step 4: The remainder in this step is again added with two zeroes and this process continues until we get the number of digits required after decimal point.
Answer is 2.236
Question 6.
Find the value of √7 up to six decimal places by long division method.
Answer:
Step 1: Since 7 is not a perfect square so we have to take the next greatest perfect square just less than 7 which is 4.
Step 2: Since the remainder is less than the quotient so a decimal is added and two zeroes are added. This becomes the dividend for the next division.
Step 3: The quotient in the previous step is now added with the divisor. A single digit is added at the end and this resulting number is multiplied with the same single digit such that it is less than the dividend for the next division.
Step 4: The remainder in this step is again added with two zeroes and this process continues until we get the number of digits required after decimal point.
Square root is 2.645751
Question 7.
Locate √10 on number line.
Answer:
According to Pythagoras theorem:
Hypotenuse = √ (Perpendicular2 + Base2)
√10 = √ (32 + 12)
To plot √ 10 we can use the above concept
Step 1: Draw a number line and mark a distance of 3 units from 0 to 3 and mark the point as C
Step 2: Draw a perpendicular of 1 unit from C and mark it as B. Mark the point 0 as A.
Step 3: Join AB
Step 4: Δ ABC becomes a right angled triangle with AB = √10 units from Pythagoras theorem.
Step 5: Taking AB as radius draw an arc taking A as centre until it meets the number line. Mark the point as P.
Step 6: The point P is the required point √10 to be plot on the number line
Question 8.
Find at least two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.
Answer:
First we square the two given numbers
22 = 4
32 = 9
Square root of any two numbers between 4 and 9 will give an irrational number since they are not perfect squares.
√5 = 2.236067977…
√7 = 2.645751311…
So √5 and √7 are the two irrational numbers between 2 and 3
Question 9.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Every rational number is a real number.
(iii) Every real number need not be a rational number
(iv) √n is not irrational if n is a perfect square.
(v) √n is irrational if n is not a perfect square.
(vi) All real numbers are irrational.
Answer:
(i) The statement is true.
Reason: Each and every irrational number can be plotted in the real number line and hence they are all real.
(ii) The statement is true.
Reason: Each and every rational number can be plotted in the real number line and hence they are all real.
(iii) The statement is true.
Reason: The set of rational number is a subset of real number. The set of real number is composed of both rational and irrational number.
(iv) The statement is true
Reason: Square root of a positive real number is either a rational number if it’s a perfect square or else it is an irrational number.
(v) The statement is true
Reason: Square root of a positive real number is either a rational number if it’s a perfect square or else it is an irrational number.
(vi) The statement is false.
Reason: The set of irrational number is a subset of real number. The set of real number is composed of both rational and irrational number.
Exercise 1.3
Question 1.Visualise 2.874 on the number line, using successive magnification.
Answer:We know that 2.874 lies between 2 and 3. So, let us decide the part of the number line between 2 and 3 into 10 equal parts and look at the portion between 2.8 and 2.9 through a magnifying glass.
Now, 2.874 lies between 2.8 and 2.9. Now, we imagine to divide this again into 10 equal parts. The first mark will represent 2.81, then next 2.82 and so on.
Again, 2.875 lies 2.87 and 2.88. Let us imagine and divide into 10 equal parts.
This is representation of numbers on the number line through a magnification glass.
Thus, we can visualize that 2.871 is the first mark 2.874 is the 4th mark in these subdivisions.
Question 2.Visualilse 
on the number line, upto 3 decimal places.
Answer:Step 1:
Here, the number 
lies between 5 and 6. First, draw the number line.
Step 2:
Divide the above part into 10 equal parts and make first point to the right of 5 as 5.1, the second 5.2 and so on.
Step 3:
Now, 5.28 lies between 5.2 and 5.3. So, by focusing on this portion, divide it into 10 equal parts and mark first point to the right of 5.2 as 5.21, the second 5.22 and so on.
Step 4:
Now, 5.282 lies between 5.28 and 5.29. So, focus on this portion and again divide it into 10 equal portions and mark first point to the right of 5.28 as 5.281 and the second one as 5.282.
The number 5.282 is the 2nd mark in these subdivisions.
Visualise 2.874 on the number line, using successive magnification.
Answer:
We know that 2.874 lies between 2 and 3. So, let us decide the part of the number line between 2 and 3 into 10 equal parts and look at the portion between 2.8 and 2.9 through a magnifying glass.
Now, 2.874 lies between 2.8 and 2.9. Now, we imagine to divide this again into 10 equal parts. The first mark will represent 2.81, then next 2.82 and so on.
Again, 2.875 lies 2.87 and 2.88. Let us imagine and divide into 10 equal parts.
This is representation of numbers on the number line through a magnification glass.
Thus, we can visualize that 2.871 is the first mark 2.874 is the 4th mark in these subdivisions.
Question 2.
Visualilse on the number line, upto 3 decimal places.
Answer:
Step 1:
Here, the number lies between 5 and 6. First, draw the number line.
Step 2:
Divide the above part into 10 equal parts and make first point to the right of 5 as 5.1, the second 5.2 and so on.
Step 3:
Now, 5.28 lies between 5.2 and 5.3. So, by focusing on this portion, divide it into 10 equal parts and mark first point to the right of 5.2 as 5.21, the second 5.22 and so on.
Step 4:
Now, 5.282 lies between 5.28 and 5.29. So, focus on this portion and again divide it into 10 equal portions and mark first point to the right of 5.28 as 5.281 and the second one as 5.282.
The number 5.282 is the 2nd mark in these subdivisions.
Exercise 1.4
Question 1.Simplify the following expressions.
i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
Answer:i. (5 + √7) (2 + √5)
We know that (a + √b) (c + √d) = ac + a√d + √b c + √b (√d).
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 5; b = 7; c = 2; d = 5
∴ (5 + √7) (2 + √5) = 5(2) + 5(√5) + √7(2) + √7(√5)
= 10 + 5√5 + 2√7 + √35
ii. (5 + √5) (5 - √5)
We know that (a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 5; b = 5
∴ (5 + √5) (5 - √5) = 52 – (√5)2
= 25 – 5 = 20
∴ (5 + √5) (5 - √5) = 20
iii. (√3 + √7)2
We know that (√a + √b)2 = a + 2√(ab) + b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 3; b = 7
∴ (√3 + √7)2 = 3 + 2(√3) (√7) + 7
= 3 + 2(√21) + 7
= 10 + 2√21
∴ (√3 + √7)2 = 10 + 2√21
iv. (√11 - √7) (√11 + √7)
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 11; b = 7
∴ (√11 - √7) (√11 + √7) = 11 – 7
= 4
Question 2.Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational.
i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
v. 2Ï€
vi. 
vii. 
Answer:i. 5 - √3
Here, 5 is a rational number and √3 is an irrational number.
We know that subtraction of a rational number and an irrational number always gives an irrational number.
∴ 5 - √3 is an irrational number.
ii. √3 + √2
Here, both √3 and √2 are irrational numbers.
We know that sum of two irrational number is always an irrational number.
∴ √3 + √2 is an irrational number.
iii. (√2 – 2)2
We know that (√a - b)2 = a - 2√a(b) + b2.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 2; b = 2
On simplification, we get
⇒ (√2 – 2)2 = 2 – 2 (√2) (2) + 22
= 2 – 4√2 + 4
= 6 – 4√2
Here, 6 is a rational number and 4√2 is an irrational number.
We know that subtraction of a rational number and an irrational number always gives an irrational number.
∴ 6 - 4√2 is an irrational number.
iv. 
On simplification, we get
⇒ 
which is a rational number.
v. 2Ï€
Here, 2 is a rational number and π is an irrational number.
We know that the product of a rational number and an irrational number is always an irrational number.
∴ 2Ï€ is an irrational number.
vi. 
Here, 1 is a rational number and √3 is an irrational number.
We know that division of a rational number and an irrational number gives an irrational number.
∴ is an irrational number.
vii. (2 + √2) (2 - √2)
We know that (a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 2; b = 2
∴ (2 + √2) (2 - √2) = 22 – (√2)2
= 4 – 2 = 2
Here, 2 is a rational number.
∴ (2 + √2) (2 - √2) is rational.
Question 3.In the following equations, find whether variables x, y, z etc. represent rational or irrational numbers.
i. x2 = 7 ii. y2 = 16
iii. z2 = 0.02 iv. 
v. w2 = 27 vi. t4 = 256
Answer:i. x2 = 7
⇒ x = √7
Here, √7 is an irrational number.
∴ x is an irrational number.
ii. y2 = 16
⇒ y = √16 = ±4
Here, 4 is a rational number.
∴ y is a rational number.
iii. z2 = 0.02
⇒ z = √0.02
Here, √0.02 is an irrational number.
∴ z is an irrational number.
iv. u2 = 
⇒ u = 
= 
Here, √17 is an irrational number and 2 is a rational number.
We know that division of a rational number and an irrational number gives an irrational number.
∴ u is an irrational number.
v. w2 = 27
⇒ w = √27 = 3√3
Here, √3 is an irrational number.
∴ w is an irrational number.
vi. t4 = 256
⇒ t = 
= 
= 4
Here, 4 is a rational number.
∴ t is a rational number.
Question 4.The ratio of circumference to the diameter of a circle 
is represented by p. But we say that π is an irrational number. Why?
Answer:When we measure the length with a scale, we only get an approximate rational value, so we may not realize that in c and d which one is irrational.
So, either c or d is irrational and hence c/d is irrational i.e. π is irrational.
∴ Ï€ is an irrational number.
Question 5.Rationalise the denominators of the following:
i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
Answer:i. 
Here, the conjugate of the denominator (3 + √2) is (3 - √2).
By rationalizing,
⇒ 
We know that (a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b.
∴ 
ii. 
Here, the conjugate of the denominator (√7 - √6) is (√7 + √6).
By rationalizing,
⇒ 
We know that (√a + √b) (√a - √b) = a – b.
∴ 
iii. 
By rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ 
∴ 
iv.
Here, the conjugate of the denominator (√3 - √2) is (√3 + √2).
By rationalizing,
⇒ 
We know that (√a + √b) (√a - √b) = a – b.
∴ 
Question 6.Simplify each of the following by rationalising the denominator:
i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
Answer:i.
Rationalizing the denominator by its conjugate,
⇒ 
We know that (a - √b) (a + √b) = a2 – b.
We know that (a - √b)2 = a2 – 2a√b + b.
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 17 – 12√2
ii.
Rationalizing the denominator, we get
⇒ 
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
We know that (√a - √b)2 = a - 2√(ab) + b.
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 6 - √35
iii. 
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ 
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
⇒
iv.
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ 
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
⇒ 
= 
Question 7.Find the value of 
upto three decimal places. (take √2 = 1.414 and √5 = 2.236)
Answer:Given √2 = 1.414 and √5 = 2.236
Given 
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 
⇒ 
= 0.327
Question 8.Find:
i. 
ii. 
iii. 
iv. 
v. 
vi. 
Answer:i. 
⇒ 
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒ 
∴ = 2
ii. 
⇒ 
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒ 
∴ = 2
iii. 
⇒ 
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒ 
∴ = 5
iv.
⇒ 
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒ 
∴ 
= 64
v. 
⇒ 
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒ 
∴ = 9
vi.
⇒ 
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒ 
∴ 
Question 9.Simplify :
Answer:Given 
It can also be written as
⇒ 
⇒ 
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒ 
⇒ 3 – 8(7) + 15(2) + 15
⇒ 3 – 56 + 30 + 15 = -8
∴ = -8
Question 10.If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are rational numbers, find the value of a and b in each of the following equations.
i. 
ii. 
Answer:i. Given a + b√6 = 
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ a + b√6 = 
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
We know that (√a + √b)2 = a + 2√(ab) + b.
⇒ a + b√6 = 
= 
= 5 + 2√6
Comparing it with a + b√6, we get
⇒ a = 5 and b = 2
ii. Given a – b√15 = 
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ a – b√15 = 
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
⇒ a – b√15 = 
= 
= 
= 
Comparing with a – b√15, we get
⇒ a = 
and b = 
Simplify the following expressions.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Answer:
i. (5 + √7) (2 + √5)
We know that (a + √b) (c + √d) = ac + a√d + √b c + √b (√d).
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 5; b = 7; c = 2; d = 5
∴ (5 + √7) (2 + √5) = 5(2) + 5(√5) + √7(2) + √7(√5)
= 10 + 5√5 + 2√7 + √35
ii. (5 + √5) (5 - √5)
We know that (a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 5; b = 5
∴ (5 + √5) (5 - √5) = 52 – (√5)2
= 25 – 5 = 20
∴ (5 + √5) (5 - √5) = 20
iii. (√3 + √7)2
We know that (√a + √b)2 = a + 2√(ab) + b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 3; b = 7
∴ (√3 + √7)2 = 3 + 2(√3) (√7) + 7
= 3 + 2(√21) + 7
= 10 + 2√21
∴ (√3 + √7)2 = 10 + 2√21
iv. (√11 - √7) (√11 + √7)
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 11; b = 7
∴ (√11 - √7) (√11 + √7) = 11 – 7
= 4
Question 2.
Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v. 2Ï€
vi.
vii.
Answer:
i. 5 - √3
Here, 5 is a rational number and √3 is an irrational number.
We know that subtraction of a rational number and an irrational number always gives an irrational number.
∴ 5 - √3 is an irrational number.
ii. √3 + √2
Here, both √3 and √2 are irrational numbers.
We know that sum of two irrational number is always an irrational number.
∴ √3 + √2 is an irrational number.
iii. (√2 – 2)2
We know that (√a - b)2 = a - 2√a(b) + b2.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 2; b = 2
On simplification, we get
⇒ (√2 – 2)2 = 2 – 2 (√2) (2) + 22
= 2 – 4√2 + 4
= 6 – 4√2
Here, 6 is a rational number and 4√2 is an irrational number.
We know that subtraction of a rational number and an irrational number always gives an irrational number.
∴ 6 - 4√2 is an irrational number.
iv.
On simplification, we get
⇒
which is a rational number.
v. 2Ï€
Here, 2 is a rational number and π is an irrational number.
We know that the product of a rational number and an irrational number is always an irrational number.
∴ 2Ï€ is an irrational number.
vi.
Here, 1 is a rational number and √3 is an irrational number.
We know that division of a rational number and an irrational number gives an irrational number.
∴ is an irrational number.
vii. (2 + √2) (2 - √2)
We know that (a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b.
Comparing with the given expression,
⇒ a = 2; b = 2
∴ (2 + √2) (2 - √2) = 22 – (√2)2
= 4 – 2 = 2
Here, 2 is a rational number.
∴ (2 + √2) (2 - √2) is rational.
Question 3.
In the following equations, find whether variables x, y, z etc. represent rational or irrational numbers.
i. x2 = 7 ii. y2 = 16
iii. z2 = 0.02 iv.
v. w2 = 27 vi. t4 = 256
Answer:
i. x2 = 7
⇒ x = √7
Here, √7 is an irrational number.
∴ x is an irrational number.
ii. y2 = 16
⇒ y = √16 = ±4
Here, 4 is a rational number.
∴ y is a rational number.
iii. z2 = 0.02
⇒ z = √0.02
Here, √0.02 is an irrational number.
∴ z is an irrational number.
iv. u2 =
⇒ u = =
Here, √17 is an irrational number and 2 is a rational number.
We know that division of a rational number and an irrational number gives an irrational number.
∴ u is an irrational number.
v. w2 = 27
⇒ w = √27 = 3√3
Here, √3 is an irrational number.
∴ w is an irrational number.
vi. t4 = 256
⇒ t = = = 4
Here, 4 is a rational number.
∴ t is a rational number.
Question 4.
The ratio of circumference to the diameter of a circle is represented by p. But we say that π is an irrational number. Why?
Answer:
When we measure the length with a scale, we only get an approximate rational value, so we may not realize that in c and d which one is irrational.
So, either c or d is irrational and hence c/d is irrational i.e. π is irrational.
∴ Ï€ is an irrational number.
Question 5.
Rationalise the denominators of the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Answer:
i.
Here, the conjugate of the denominator (3 + √2) is (3 - √2).
By rationalizing,
⇒
We know that (a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b.
∴
ii.
Here, the conjugate of the denominator (√7 - √6) is (√7 + √6).
By rationalizing,
⇒
We know that (√a + √b) (√a - √b) = a – b.
∴
iii.
By rationalizing the denominator,
⇒
∴
iv.
Here, the conjugate of the denominator (√3 - √2) is (√3 + √2).
By rationalizing,
⇒
We know that (√a + √b) (√a - √b) = a – b.
∴
Question 6.
Simplify each of the following by rationalising the denominator:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Answer:
i.
Rationalizing the denominator by its conjugate,
⇒
We know that (a - √b) (a + √b) = a2 – b.
We know that (a - √b)2 = a2 – 2a√b + b.
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ 17 – 12√2
ii.
Rationalizing the denominator, we get
⇒
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
We know that (√a - √b)2 = a - 2√(ab) + b.
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ 6 - √35
iii.
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
⇒
iv.
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
⇒
=
Question 7.
Find the value of upto three decimal places. (take √2 = 1.414 and √5 = 2.236)
Answer:
Given √2 = 1.414 and √5 = 2.236
Given
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ = 0.327
Question 8.
Find:
i. ii.
iii. iv.
v. vi.
Answer:
i.
⇒
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒
∴ = 2
ii.
⇒
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒
∴ = 2
iii.
⇒
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒
∴ = 5
iv.
⇒
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒
∴ = 64
v.
⇒
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒
∴ = 9
vi.
⇒
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒
∴
Question 9.
Simplify :
Answer:
Given
It can also be written as
⇒
⇒
We know that (am)n = amn.
⇒
⇒ 3 – 8(7) + 15(2) + 15
⇒ 3 – 56 + 30 + 15 = -8
∴ = -8
Question 10.
If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are rational numbers, find the value of a and b in each of the following equations.
i.
ii.
Answer:
i. Given a + b√6 =
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ a + b√6 =
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
We know that (√a + √b)2 = a + 2√(ab) + b.
⇒ a + b√6 =
=
= 5 + 2√6
Comparing it with a + b√6, we get
⇒ a = 5 and b = 2
ii. Given a – b√15 =
Rationalizing the denominator,
⇒ a – b√15 =
We know that (√a - √b) (√a + √b) = a – b.
⇒ a – b√15 =
=
=
=
Comparing with a – b√15, we get
⇒ a = and b =
