Chapter 4: Social Institutions

Complete the following statement by choosing the correct alternative given in the bracket and rewrite it.

A rule that prescribes marriage within a group is called ________.

OPTIONS

exogamy
endogamy
polygamy

SOLUTION

A rule that prescribes marriage within a group is called endogamy.

A family that comprises at least three generations is a _________ family

OPTIONS

nuclear
joint
cohabitation

SOLUTION

A family that comprises at least three generations is a joint family

The 10+2+3 system is part of the __________ system of education.

OPTIONS

informal
formal
Non formal

SOLUTION

The 10+2+3 system is part of the formal system of education.

Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

OPTIONS

School - Distance education
Peer group - Informal education
Health care training - Non-formal education
Family - Informal education

SOLUTION

School - Formal education

Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

A married couple is expected to live at the wife’s residence.

OPTIONS

Homosexual marriage
Matrilocal
Heterosexual marriage

SOLUTION

A married couple is expected to live at the wife’s residence.-Matrilocal

A form of marriage between persons of the same sex.

OPTIONS

Homosexual marriage
Matrilocal
Heterosexual marriage

SOLUTION

A form of marriage between persons of the same sex.-Homosexual marriage

Correct underlined word and complete the statement

X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of polygamy

SOLUTION

X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of Monogamy

Mass production and factory system are found in agricultural society

SOLUTION

Mass production and factory system are found in industrail society

Write short notes.

Types of family based on authority

SOLUTION

On the basis of authority within the family, two broad forms of the family can be identified.

Matriarchal Family: In a matriarchal family, authority rests at the hands of the mother and she is considered the head of the family. In a matriarchal family, the descent is traced through the mother's line, known as the matrilineal system. Residence of the marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife's family and the name follows the mother's line. It is matronymic. The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair's of South India follow the matriarchal system.

Patriarchal Family: In a patriarchal family, all authority rests at the hands of the male head and the eldest male is regarded as the head of the patriarchal family. It is patrilineal i.e., the descent is traced through the father's line. Residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couples live with the husband's family, and the name of the father's side continues to the next generation. It is a patronymic. The patriarchal family is the most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world.

Stages of economy

SOLUTION

Agricultural revolution: Before the discovery of agriculture, human society was into hunting-gathering and later passed through pastoral phases. With the introduction of agriculture, society entered into a new stage. Use of technology for large-scale farming led to higher productive capacity, increased food production, and development of specialised tasks such as designing tools, raising animals, etc. This stage witnessed the division of labour, permanent settlement, and advanced trade.
Industrial revolution: It greatly transformed the social and economic life of people. The revolution took place around the middle of the 18th century, first in England and then elsewhere in Europe and North America. Industrialisation resulted in four major economic changes, namely:
a. Division of labour: Reduced importance of human skills and specialised division of labour.
b. Introduction of new forms of energy: Invention of the steam engine and reduced use of animal and human muscle energy.
c. Centralisation of work: Creation of new centralised and impersonal place of work, i.e. factory. d. Enabled mass production: Rapid development of manufacturing sector and expanded production activities. Industrialisation transformed the production system and had an impact on society. On one hand, it raised living standards but on the other, it contributed to increased inequality between factory owners and industrial workers. Labour was organised from late 19th century onwards and Governments in the West were forced to make labour reforms.
Information revolution: By the middle of the 20th century, nature of production changed. The role of labour reduced in manufacturing while service sector employed a huge number of people. Also, the development of computer and IT in Europe, the US, and much of newly industrialised Asia changed the nature of work. The three key changes it brought in were:
a. Mechanical skills to literacy skills: Increased importance of the ability to communicate, write, present and use computer technology.
b. Enabled work from anywhere: Computer technology-enabled decentralisation of work. c. Tangible products to ideas: Economy driven by the tertiary (service) sector instead of the manufacturing sector

Importance of education

SOLUTION

Education is a broad process of learning that broadens an individual's cognitive horizons and develops in them the skills to choose, evaluate, and add to existing knowledge. The functions of education can be as follows :

Inculcate common values and moral beliefs: Children coming from diverse family and community backgrounds gain an understanding of the common values and moral beliefs in society through school education.

Fosters self discipline: Through education, children learn self discipline. They internalise the social rules that contribute to the smooth function of society.

Teaches specialised skills: The education system teaches specialised skills needed for a complex modern economy. For example, technical schools are specially designed to provide technical I vocational training.

Instills the value of achievement in children: Schools like wider society, largely operate on a meritocratic basis. Those with ability and talent achieve their just rewards.

Write differences.

Matriarchal family and Patriarchal family

SOLUTION

Sr No.	Matriarchal family	Patriarchal family
i.	Mother is considered to be the head of the family, i.e. all authority rests at her hands in a matriarchal family	Eldest male is considered to be the head of the family, i.e. all authority rests at his hands in a patriarchal family.
ii.	Matrilineal system of lineage: In this family, the descent is traced through the mother’s line	Patrilineal system of lineage: In this family, the descent is traced through the father’s line.
iii.	Married couple lives with the wife’s family, i.e. residence after marriage is matrilocal.	Married couple lives with the husband’s family, i.e. residence after marriage is patrilocal.
iv.	The name of the mother’s side continues to the next generation. It is matronymic.	The name of the father’s side continues to the next generation. It is a patronymic.
v.	Example: Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and Nairs of South India.	Example: the most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world.

Agricultural revolution and Industrial revolution

SOLUTION

Sr No.	Agriculture Revolution	Industrial Revolution
i.	From hunting-gathering and then pastoral phases, human society entered into a new stage with the discovery of agriculture.	The industrial revolution happened around the middle of the eighteenth century and transformed social and economic life.
ii.	Agricultures involved using the technology of large -scale farming using ploughs harnessed to animals.	Industrialization involved using of machinery and new forms of energy.
iii.	This increased the productive power of hunting and gathering more than ten-fold.	This increased more mass production which turned raw materials into a wide range of goods.
iv.	Agriculture revolution resulted into expansion of the economy through agricultural technology, the complex division of labours permanent settlement and advanced trade.	The industrial revolution resulted into centralisation of work in factories and specialized division of labour.

Explain the following concept with an example.

Cohabitation

SOLUTION

Cohabitation refers to the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. It may or may not lead to marriage.

Example: Young generation or same-sex couples in many regions of Europe and urban areas of India prefer cohabitation (i.e. live-in relationship) over marriage.

Formal Education

SOLUTION

Formal education is planned with a specific end in view. It involves direct schooling and instruction. Since it is provided to fulfill specific ends, formal education is limited to a specific period. Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum based on aims designed according to the needs of society.

Example: Schooling and education are considered as a formal education based on a formal curriculum with specific subjects and skills.

State whether the following statement is True or False with reasons.

In a modernizing society, the role of parents are changing.

OPTIONS

True
False

SOLUTION

This statement is True

Reasons:

i. Many newer family patterns are emerging in the modern society.

ii. The changes in these patterns are leading to changes in family relations and thereby, role of parents.

iii. e.g. changing role of women (due to education and employment) or higher divorce rates has caused change in the role of parents.

India is in the stage of industrial revolution.

OPTIONS

True
False

SOLUTION

This statement is False.

Reason:

India is in the stage of the information revolution. The development of computer and information technology have changed the nature of work.

Give your personal response.

What are your views about free choice marriage?

SOLUTION

Do it yourself

How has the information revolution impacted your life?

SOLUTION

Information revolution has made our life easier. Information revolution has made it possible to do many things from the comforts of one's own home. I can take a virtual tour of museums, buildings, etc. It has exposed one to different cultures. One can do all of the shopping online. It has created an abundance of data on every possible subject or interest

Answer the following question in detail. (About 150 words)

Show how the role of family has changed in the present times. Illustrate with your own examples.

SOLUTION

As society changes, families must adapt to new structures and processes.
Rapid growth of divorce, rise in the average age of getting married, changing roles of women, etc. are affecting the family as an institution.
Many newer family patterns are emerging in modern society.
Newer family relations relevant in the present time are:
a. Single-parent family: It results from divorce, separation, death, or by choice. The majority of such families are headed by single mothers. Some researchers believed that growing up in such a family can be disadvantageous for children.
b.Cohabitation/ Live-in relationship: It refers to the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. It may or may not lead to marriage. A young generation or same-sex couples in many regions of Europe and urban areas of India prefer cohabitation over marriage.
c. Step-parenting/ Reconstituted families: It results from the break-up of one family owing to death or divorce. A new family is started through marriage or cohabitation. It may include children from both, old and new families. With rise in divorce rate and remarriages, number of such families are increasing. v. The direction of change in family patterns may vary for different countries and regions. Also, the change does not imply complete erosion of earlier norms and structure.

Sociology 11th Standard Balbharati Solutions Maharashtra State Board

Balbharati Solutions for Sociology 11th Standard Maharashtra State Board Chapterwise. These Balbharati Solutions for Sociology 11th Standard Maharashtra State Board will help students understand the concepts better.

• Chapter 1: Introduction to Sociology

• Chapter 2: Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists

• Chapter 3: Basic Concepts in Sociology

• Chapter 4: Social Institutions

• Chapter 5: Culture

• Chapter 6: Socialization

• Chapter 7: Social Stratification

• Chapter 8: Social Change