Chapter 4: Forms of Business Organisation - 1
Select the correct option and rewrite the sentence.
A sole trading concern ensures _________ business secrecy.
OPTIONS
Maximum
minimum
limited
SOLUTION
A sole trading concern ensures Maximum business secrecy.
The members of Hindu undivided family business are called___________
OPTIONS
Carpenter
coparcener
parceners
SOLUTION
The members of the Hindu undivided family business are called coparceners.
The head of joint Hindu Family Business is called as ___________
OPTIONS
KARTA
owner
manager
SOLUTION
The head of joint Hindu Family Business is called as KARTA.
Registration of partnership firm is _________ in Maharashtra
OPTIONS
Voluntary
compulsory
easy
SOLUTION
Registration of partnership firm is compulsory in Maharashtra
The liability of the shareholders in the joint Stock Company is ________.
OPTIONS
Limited
unlimited
restricted
SOLUTION
The liability of the shareholders in the joint Stock Company is Limited.
A Joint Stock Company is an artificial person created by ________.
OPTIONS
Law
Articles
Memorandum
SOLUTION
A Joint Stock Company is an artificial person created by Law.
Registration of a Joint Stock Company is ________.
OPTIONS
Compulsory
free
not required
SOLUTION
Registration of a Joint Stock Company is Compulsory.
Liability of members of a Co-operative Society is ________.
OPTIONS
Limited
restricted
maximum
'
SOLUTION
The liability of members of a Co-operative Society is Limited.
Indian Cooperative Society’s Act was passed in ________.
OPTIONS
1912
1913
1911
SOLUTION
Indian Co-operative Society’s Act was passed in 1912.
_________acts as a signature of the company.
OPTIONS
Common seal
Common sign
Common image
SOLUTION
The common seal acts as a signature of the company.
Match the pairs.
SOLUTION
Give one word/phrase/term.
An elected body of representatives of co-operative Society for its day to day administrations.
SOLUTION
Managing committee.
The owner is the sole manager and decision maker of his business.
SOLUTION
Sole Trader.
One man Show type of business organisation.
SOLUTION
Sole trading Concern.
The members of the Joint Hindu Family firm.
SOLUTION
Co-parceners.
A partner who gives his name to the partnership firm.
SOLUTION
Nominal partner.
There is a free transferability of shares in this company.
SOLUTION
Public Company.
A partnership agreement in writing.
SOLUTION
Partnership Deed.
The motto of the co-operative society.
SOLUTION
Service.
An organization which is service-oriented.
SOLUTION
Co-operatives Society.
State True or False:
Sole trader is the decision-maker of the business.
OPTIONS
True
False
Sole trading concern operates in local markets.
OPTIONS
True
False
Sole proprietorship is useful for small business.
OPTIONS
True
False
The liability of KARTA is unlimited.
OPTIONS
True
False
The maximum number of members is unlimited in Joint Hindu Family Firm.
OPTIONS
True
False
Joint Stock company can raise huge amount of capital.
OPTIONS
True
False
There is a separation of ownership & management in the Joint Stock Company.
OPTIONS
True
False
Board of Directors manages the business of Joint Stock Company.
OPTIONS
True
False
Partnership agreement may be oral or written.
OPTIONS
True
False
In a partnership firm, the liability of every partner is limited, joint and several.
OPTIONS
True
False
The main motto of co-operative society is to render services to its shareholders.
OPTIONS
True
False
The membership of a co-operative society is compulsory.
OPTIONS
True
False
Find the odd one.
OPTIONS
Sole proprietorship
Joint Hindu Family
Non-Government Organization (NGO)
Partnership firm
OPTIONS
Active Partner
Shareholder
Nominal Partner
Secret partner
Complete the sentence.
Private sector enterprises are owned and managed by the _____________
SOLUTION
Private sector enterprises are owned and managed by private entities.
There is only one owner in _____________
SOLUTION
There is only one owner in Sole Trading Concern.
Admission of new individual into existing business has given birth to _____________
SOLUTION
Admission of the new individuals into existing business has given birth to Partnership Firm.
A partner who takes active participation in the day to day working of the business is known as _____________
SOLUTION
A partner who takes active participation in the day to day working of the business is known as active partner.
When there is no provision in partnership agreement regarding time period for partnership then it is known as _____________.
SOLUTION
When there is no provision in partnership agreement regarding time period for partnership then it is known as Partnership at will.
The property of JHF business is jointly owned by the ________
SOLUTION
The property of the JHF business is jointly owned by the KARTA.
The management of Co-operative society is based on _______________.
SOLUTION
The management of Co-operative society is based on democratic principles.
The rule for voting in Co-operative society is __________.
SOLUTION
The rule for voting in a Co-operative society is one member one vote.
The rule for voting in Joint stock company is __________.
SOLUTION
The rule for voting in joint Stock company is one share one vote.
The face value of the shares of Co-operative society is very _______.
SOLUTION
The face value of the shares of Co-operative society is very less.
Consumer’s co-operatives are formed by the _______.
SOLUTION
Consumer’s co-operatives are formed by consumers.
Registration of Joint stock company is compulsory according to the Companies Act _______.
SOLUTION
Registration of Joint Stock Company is compulsory according to the Companies Act 2013.
Select the correct option:
OPTIONS
Public company
Private Company
Co-operative Society
Partnership Firm
Sole Trading concern
OPTIONS
Public company
Private Company
Co-operative Society
Partnership Firm
Sole Trading concern
OPTIONS
Public company
Private Company
Co-operative Society
Partnership Firm
Sole Trading concern
OPTIONS
Public company
Private Company
Co-operative Society
Partnership Firm
Sole Trading concern
OPTIONS
Public company
Private Company
Co-operative Society
Partnership Firm
Sole Trading concern
Answer in one sentence.
What is sole Trading concern?
SOLUTION
Sole Trading Concern is a type of business which is owned, managed, and controlled by one person.
What do you mean by partnership firm?
SOLUTION
A business owned and managed by two or more persons sharing profits and losses is called a partnership firm.
What is the meaning of Joint Stock Company?
SOLUTION
Joint Stock Company is an artificial person created by law, having an independent legal status, owned by shareholders and managed by Board of Directors.
What is Joint Hindu Family business?
SOLUTION
A joint Hindu Family is a form of business organization which runs from one generation to another according to the Hindu Law.
What do you mean by co-operative Society?
SOLUTION
Cooperative Society is a voluntary association of individuals which is formed for providing services to members.
What do you mean by minor partner?
SOLUTION
A minor partner is a partner who is admitted into the partnership firm for the benefit of the firm with the consent of all partners.
What is Quasi Partner?
SOLUTION
Quasi partner is a partner of the partnership firm who has retired from the firm but has left his capital behind in the firm.
What do you mean by partner-in-profits only?
SOLUTION
A partner-in-profits only is a partner who gets into an agreement to share only the profits of the partnership firm and not the losses.
What do you mean by a general partnership?
SOLUTION
A general partnership is a form of partnership where, the liability of all the partners is unlimited, joint, and several. Every partner has an equal right and it can be formed under the Partnership Act of 1932.
What is the meaning of Private Company?
SOLUTION
A Private Limited company is a company which by its articles restricts the right to transfer share, limits the maximum number of members to 200.
What do you mean by Public company?
SOLUTION
A public company means a company which is not a private company.
Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentence.
In public company, shares are not freely transferrable
SOLUTION
In Private Company, shares are not freely transferable.
In Private Company, there are minimum 3 (Three) directors.
SOLUTION
In Private company, there are minimum 2 (Two) directors.
Registration of Joint Stock Company is not compulsory.
SOLUTION
Registration of Joint Stock Company is compulsory
There is less secrecy in Sole Trading concern.
SOLUTION
There is maximum secrecy in Sole Trading concern.
In a Partnership firm, minimum three members are required.
SOLUTION
In partnership firm, minimum two members are required.
In Joint Hindu Family business, the senior most member of family is called as Co-parcener.
SOLUTION
In Joint Hindu Family business, the senior most member of family is called as Karta.
Indian Partnership Act, 1940 is applicable in India.
SOLUTION
Indian Partnership Act, 1932 is applicable in India.
Explain the following term/concept:
Sole Trading Concern.
SOLUTION
It is a form of business organization which is owned, managed, and controlled by one person.
It need not be registered.
It does not have a legal status i.e. It does not have a stable life.
Maximum secrecy can be maintained in Sole Trading's concern.
Partnership Firm.
SOLUTION
It is a voluntary association of two or more persons With a common objective.
It is formed by an agreement called Partnership deed.
It is governed by the Indian Partnership Act, 1932.
Registration of partnership firm is optional as per the Partnership Act, 1932.
In Maharashtra, registration of partnership firm is made compulsory
Joint Hindu Family Firm.
SOLUTION
It is a form of business organization which is carried from one generation to another generation.
It comes into existence by the operation of Hindu Law.
This form organization is found in India only.
The senior most member of the family is called ‘Karta’ while other members are called ‘Co-parceners’.
Co-operative Society.
SOLUTION
It is a voluntary association of individuals which is formed for providing services to members.
Its main motto is ‘service’ rather than ‘profit’.
It runs on the principle of ‘One Member One Vote’.
It enjoys an independent legal status, distinct from its members.
Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
It is an incorporated association created by law, having an independent legal status, owned by shareholders and managed by the Board of Directors.
The main motive of the Joint Stock company is the maximisation of profit.
It works as the principle of “One share one vote”.
It has to follow the Indian Companies Act, 2013.
Karta.
SOLUTION
Karta is a senior most member of the family, who runs the Joint Hindu Family Business.
Karta has unlimited liability in such type of business.
Karta has the right to manage the business.
Karta need not consult anybody about business decisions.
Managing Committee.
SOLUTION
Managing committee is a group of members of a Co-operative society, who looks after the working of Cooperative society.
They are elected by the shareholders of Co-operative society.
All important decisions are taken by the managing committee.
In short, they look after the day to day administration of the society.
Nominal Partner.
SOLUTION
A partner who only lends his name and reputation to the partnership firm is called a nominal partner.
He is simply obliging his friends by allowing the firm to use his name as a partner.
He may or may not be given any share in the profits of the firm.
He does not contribute to the capital of the business.
He is liable to the debts of the firm.
Study the following case situation and express your opinion:
Mr. Raghunath is running a business from the last 30 years. This business is ancestoral business of Mr. Raghunath. Kiran and Naman, two sons of Mr. Raghunath are helping him along with their wives.
Find out the type of business.
Who is Raghunath?
What Kiran and Naman are called?
SOLUTION
Joint Hindu Family Firm.
Raghunath is the Karta.
Kiran and Naman are called as co-parceners.
Mr. Jumbo a Chartered Accountant by profession and Mrs. Timbo, an Architect by professing running a firm namely ‘Buildsheet’ in Nagpur.
Identify a business in the above example.
Comment on it?
Which two professions are mentioned here?
SOLUTION
Partnership firm
It is a voluntary association of two persons with a common objective in mind.
A Chartered Accountant and an Architect.
Distinguish between
Private Limited Company and Public Limited Company.
SOLUTION
Sole Trading Concern and Partnership Firm.
SOLUTION
Partnership Firm and Joint Hindi Family.
SOLUTION
Co-operative Society and Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
Joint Hindu Family Firm and Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
Co-operative Society and Partnership Firm.
SOLUTION
Answer in brief.
State any four features of Sole Trading Concern.
SOLUTION
The features of sole trading concern are:
Suitable for some Special Business: Sole trading concern is suitable for business where personal attention and individual skill are needed e.g., Beauty parlour, groceries, fashion designing, sweet shops, tailoring, restaurants, etc.
Unlimited Liability: The liability of the sole trader is unlimited. In case business assets are not sufficient to meet business expenses, the private property of the sole trader will be used. There is no difference made between private property and business property of the sole trader.
No Sharing of Profits and Risks: A sole trader enjoys all the profits of the business. As he is the single owner of the business he assumes full responsibility in business. He alone bears all the losses or risks involved in the business.
Business Secrecy: Maximum business secrecy can be maintained in a sole trading concern. A sole trader is responsible only to himself. He need not discuss any matter of business with outsiders. Moreover, there is no legal compulsion for sole traders to publish books of accounts of the business.
Local Market Operations: A sole trader has limited capital and limited managerial skills, which forces him to operates in local are market only.
State any four types of partners.
SOLUTION
The different types of partners are:
Active or Working Partners: In practice one or two partners take an active part in the Management such partners are called active or working partners. They contribute capital, share profits or losses, and have unlimited, joint, and several liabilities. They take an active interest in the day to day working of the firm. These partners are also known as ordinary/general/actual partners.
Dormant or Sleeping Partners: A dormant or sleeping partner is one who contributes capital to the firm. He does not take any active part in the management of the firm. He shares the profits and losses of the firm like any other partner. He voluntarily surrenders the right to management. However, he is liable for the debts of the firm.
Nominal Partners: A nominal partner is one who does not contribute any capital to the firm. He lends his name to the firm. He is simply obliging his friends by allowing the firm to use his name as a partner. He may or may not be given any share in the profits of the firm. His goodwill is used to attract business. However, he is liable for the debts of the firm.
Minor as Partner: According to the Indian Contract Act 1872, a person below 18 years is called a minor. But according to the Indian Partnership Act 1932, a minor can be admitted for the benefit of the firm with the consent of all other partners. He has a right to inspect the books of accounts. Minor partner has limited liability and is not liable for losses. He has the option to continue as a full-fledged partner or discontinue as a partner on attaining the age of majority. If he wishes to discontinue, he must give public notice within 6 months from the age of majority.
Partner in Profits only: A partner may clearly state that he Will have a share only in the profits of the firm and that he will not share losses. Such a partner is known as “Partner in Profits Only”. He has no rights to management. He may not take active participation in the management of the firm.
Describe any four types of Co-operative Society.
SOLUTION
Types of Co-operative Society are as follows:
Consumer Co-operative Societies: A consumer co-operative is a business owned by its customers. They purchase in large quantities from Wholesalers and supply in small quantities to customers. Goods are provided to buyers at reasonable prices and also provide services to them. Members get a share in the profit. The consumer society is formed to eliminate middlemen from the distribution process e.g.-Apana Bazar, Sahakari Bhandar.
Credit Co-operative Societies: Members pool their savings together with the aim of obtaining loans from their pooled resources for productive purposes and non-productive purposes. They may be established in rural areas by agriculturists or artisans called a Rural Credit Society. They may be established by salary earners or industrial areas called Urban Banks, Salary Earners Society, or Workers Society.
Producer’s Co-operatives: Producer’s Co-operatives are voluntary associations of small producers and artisans who come together to face competition and increase production. These societies are of two types:
(a) Industrial Service Co-operatives: This society supplies raw materials, tools, and machinery to the members. The producers work independently and sell their industrial output to the co-operative society. The output of members is marketed by society.
(b) Manufacturing Co-operatives: In this type, producer members are treated as employees of the society and are paid wages for their work. The society provides raw material and equipment to every member. The members produce goods at a common place or in their houses. Society sells the output in the market and its profits are distributed among the members.
Marketing Co-operatives Societies: These cooperatives find better markets for members to produce. They also provide credit and other inputs to increase members' production levels. They perform marketing functions such as standardising, grading, branding, packing, advertising, etc. The proceeds are then distributed among members depending on the quantities sold.
Co-operative Farming Societies: Farmers voluntarily come together and pool their land. The agricultural fall operations are carried out jointly. They make use of the scientific methods of cultivation.
State any four merits of the Joint Hindu Family Firm.
SOLUTION
Merits of Joint Hindu Family are as follows:
Easy Formation: Joint Hindu Family Firm can be easily formed. The formation is simple. Registration is also not compulsory. There is no limit on minimum or maximum members in the business. Family members become coparceners by birth in the family.
Quick Decision: Only the Karta is involved in the decision making process. This helps to make quick decisions in business. If decisions are taken quickly there can be prompt actions.
Business Secrecy: Complete business secrecy can be maintained. All decisions are taken by Karta only. Coparceners cannot even inspect books of accounts. There is no compulsion to publish books of accounts.
Co-parceners Liability: The liability of co-parceners is limited. It is to the extent of their share in Joint Family Business. Private property of co-parceners cannot be attached to business property.
State any four demerits of Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
The demerits of Joint Stock Company are as follows:
Rigid Formation: The formation of a joint stock company is lengthy, difficult, and time consuming. There are many legal formalities for starting a business. Promoters have to prepare documents like Articles of Association, Memorandum of Association, etc. A private company has to go through two stages of information. A public company has to go through four stages of information.
Delay in Decision Making Process: In a company form of the organization no single individual can make a policy decision. All important decisions are taken by the Board of Directors. The decision making process is time consuming. Businesses may lose opportunities because of delays in decision making.
Lack of Secrecy: The management of companies remain in the hands of many persons. Everything is discussed in the meetings of the Board of Directors. All important documents are available at the registered office for inspection. Thus, there is no secrecy in business matters.
Excessive Government Control: A large number of rules are framed for the working of companies. The companies will have to follow rules for internal working. The government tries to regulate the working of the companies because large public money is involved. In case regulations are not complied with, large Penalties are involved.
High Cost of Management: The management of joint stock company form of organization is costly. Services of experts like share brokers, underwriters, solicitors, bankers are needed which is costly. Highly qualified staff is needed. They are paid good salaries. The dissolution of the firm is also costly.
Justify the following statement.
Liability of a ‘Sole trader’ is Unlimited.
SOLUTION
One Of the main features of a sole trader is unlimited liability.
If the sole trader becomes insolvent and if his business assets are insufficient to pay off his business debts, he will have to use his private property in order to pay off his creditors.
There is no distinction between business property and private property in case of a sole trading concern. Thus, the liability of a sole trader is unlimited.
Karta is the sole manager of ‘Joint Hindu Family Business’.
SOLUTION
The Karta is the eldest or senior most person in the family business.
A Karta has unlimited liability.
He has the entire decision making power and he is not binding on the views of the co-parceners.
Thus, Karta is the sole manager of the Joint Hindu Family business.
The main objective of Co-operative society is to provide services to its members.
SOLUTION
The Co-operative Society is a voluntary association of persons formed for the purpose of promoting the interest of its members. It is different from all other organizations.
The main objective of a co-operative organization is not to make a profit but to give service to its members.
The co-operative society is formed for the welfare of the people.
Co-operative societies are rightly called a service oriented organization. Maximisation of profit is not the aim.
Thus, the main objective of Co-operative society is to provide services to its members
A Joint Stock Company can raise huge capital.
SOLUTION
A Joint Stock Company is an incorporated association.
It has a legal status independent of its members.
A Joint Stock Company has a large membership. There is no maximum limit.
Shares are available in the open market.
A large number of investors are interested in buying shares.
Shares are freely transferable and members have limited liability.
Thus, a Joint Stock Company can raise huge capital. Capital can also be raised by the company from financial institutions.
The liability of Co-parceners is limited in ‘Joint Hindu Family Business’.
SOLUTION
In a Joint Hindu Family Business, there are two types of members Karta and Co-parceners.
Karta has unlimited liability and he is the only decision making authority. The Co-parceners have limited liability and therefore cannot take part in the management of the firm. They can only share the profit but cannot challenge decisions taken by the Karta.
The liability of coparceners is limited up to the extent of their share in the Joint Hindu Family Business.
The personal property of co-parceners is not used for payment of the liability of the Joint Hindu Family business.
Thus, the liability of Co-parceners is limited in ‘Joint Hindu Family Business’.
Sole proprietorship is useful for small business.
SOLUTION
Sole trading concern is owned by only one person.
He uses his own skill and intelligence for his business.
Sole trader brings capital from his own savings. He may borrow from friends and relatives. However, the capital collected is limited.
He alone takes decisions of the business. Therefore, the managerial ability is also limited.
Because of limited capital and limited managerial ability, it is not possible to expand the business beyond a certain limit.
Thus, a sole proprietorship is useful for a small business where limited capital and less managerial ability is needed.
Co-operative society follows democratic principles.
SOLUTION
The members of a Co-operative organisation form the general body which manages the co-operatives. This body exercises power through annual general meetings. They elect their representatives who look after the day to day management which is collectively known as Managing Committee.
‘One member One vote’ is the principle followed by Co-operative Societies.
All these denote that it follows democratic principles.
Thus, Co-operative society follows democratic principles.
There is separation of ownership and management in Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
The shareholders are the owners of the company. The company is managed by the Board of Directors who are elected representatives of the shareholders.
There is a separation of ownership and management because of the following reasons:
(a) Scattered membership
(b) Large membership
(c) Disinterested shareholder
(d) Heterogeneous members
(e) Separate legal entity.
Thus, ownership is in the hands of shareholders and the management is with the Board of Directors who are paid employees of the company.
Shares of Private Limited Company are not freely transferable.
SOLUTION
According to the Companies Act, the right to transfer shares is restricted by its articles.
Only a public limited company has the right to transfer shares freely.
Thus, shares of Private Limited company are not freely transferable.
All partners are joint owners of the Partnership firm.
SOLUTION
According to the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, all the partners are joint owners of the property of the partnership firm.
No partner can use the property of the firm for his personal interest.
No partner is allowed to take any decision without the consent of all the partners.
No partners can make any secret profit in the business.
Profits and losses are shared among the partners in the profit sharing ratio mentioned in the deed.
Thus all partners are joint owners of a Partnership firm.
Active partners take active part in day to day management of partnership firm.
SOLUTION
An active partner is also called a working partner. He brings in capital and also takes an active part in the business of the firm.
He has unlimited liability and shares the profits and losses of the firm.
He is also called a managing partner.
Thus, active partners take an active part in the day to day management of the partnership firm.
Attempt the following:
Explain various types of Co-operative Society.
SOLUTION
Types of Co-Operative Society are as follows:
Consumer Co-operative Societies: A consumer co-operative is a business owned by its customers. They purchase in large quantities from wholesalers and suppliers in small quantities to customers. Goods are provided to buyers at reasonable prices and also provide services to them. Members get a share in the profit. The consumer society is formed to eliminate middlemen from the distribution process e.g.-Apana Bazar, Sahakari Bhandar.
Credit Co-operative Societies: Members pool their savings together with the aim of obtaining loans from their pooled resources for productive purposes and non-productive purposes. They may be established in rural areas by agriculturists or artisans called a Rural Credit Society. They may be established by salary earners or industrial areas called Urban Banks, Salary Earners Society, or Workers Society.
Producer’s Co-operatives: Producer’s Co-operatives are voluntary associations of small producers and artisans who come together to face competition and increase production. These societies are of two types:
(a) Industrial Service Co-operatives: This society supplies raw materials, tools, and machinery to the members. The producers work independently and sell their industrial output to the co-operative society. The output of members is marketed by society.
(b) Manufacturing Co-operatives: In this type, producer members are treated as employees of the society and are paid wages for their work. The society provides raw material and equipment to every member. The members produce goods at a common place or in their houses. Society sells the output in the market and its profits are distributed among the members.
Marketing Co-operatives Societies: These co-operatives find better markets for members to produce. They also provide credit and other inputs to increase members' production levels. They perform marketing functions such as standardising, grading, branding, packing, advertising, etc. The proceeds are then distributed among members depending on the quantities sold.
Co-operative Farming Societies: Farmers voluntarily come together and pool their land. The agricultural operations are carried out jointly. They make use of the scientific methods of cultivation.
Housing Co-operative Societies: Housing Co-operatives are owned by residents. Society purchases land and develops it. Houses are constructed for residential purposes on an ownership basis. They aim at establishing houses at fair and reasonable rents to members. For construction purposes, loans are made available from Governmental or Nongovernmental sources. The society also looks after the maintenance of its buildings.
Explain the features of the Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
The features of Joint Stock Company are as follows:
Common Seal: A company being an artificial person cannot sign on its own. The law requires every company to have a seal and have its name engraved on it. The common seal is a symbol of the company’s incorporate existence. As a common seal is the signature of the company, it has to be affixed on all important documents bf the company. When the seal is used it has to be witnessed by two directors of the Company. The common seal is under the custody of the Company Secretary.
Registration: The registration of the Joint Stock Company is compulsory. All the companies have to be registered under the Indian Companies Act, 2013. A private limited company can start its business immediately after getting the Incorporation Certificate’ while the public limited company has to obtain. “Certificate of Commencements of Business” before it starts a business.
Artificial Legal Person: A company is an artificial person created by law. It has an independent legal status. It has a separate name. It can enter into contracts, buy and sell property in its name. The company is distinct from its members.
Membership: A company is an association of persons. A private limited company must have at least two persons and a public limited company must have at least seven persons. The maximum limit of members for private companies is 200. A public company can have unlimited members.
Perpetual Succession: A Joint Stock Company enjoys a long and stable life. There is continuity in existence, which means perpetual existence. The life of the company is not affected by the life of the shareholders. If a shareholder dies, becomes insolvent or insane, the company Will not be closed down. “Members may come and members may go but a company goes on forever”.
Separation of Ownership and Management: Persons investing in the shares of the company are called shareholders. They are the owners of the company. They receive a share in the profits of the company called “dividend”. A large number of shareholders cannot manage the business. They elect representatives who are collectively called as Board of Directors. They manage the business of the Company.
Registered Office: Registered office of the company is a place Where all the important documents of the company are kept e.g., Register of Members, Annual Returns, Minute Books, etc. All correspondence work of the company is done through a registered office. The address of the registered office has to be mentioned in the domicile clause of the company.
Transferability of Shares: Shareholders are the owners of the company. Shares of a public limited company are freely transferable. There is a high degree of liquidity involved in buying shares of the company. Members can buy or sell shares as needed. However, there are restrictions on the transferability of shares of a private company.
Voluntary Association: Any person can purchase shares and become a member of the company. The company is a voluntary association. No difference is made on the basis of religion, caste, creed, etc.
Limited Liability: The liability of shareholders is limited. It depends upon the unpaid amount of shares held by them. Shareholders cannot be held personally liable for the debts of the company.
Separate Legal Status: The company is created by law. It has a separate legal entity. A company acts independently. The company can take legal action against anybody in its individual capacity.
Describe the features of the Co-operative Society.
SOLUTION
The features of Co-operative Society are as follows:
Limited Liability: The liability of members IS limited. It depends upon the value of shares purchased by members. Therefore, their personal property is not used for payment of society’s debt.
Management: Elected representatives of members from the Managing Committee. The Managing Committee works according to bye-laws. Collective decisions are taken after conducting meetings. The organisation is managed on democratic principles.
Service Motive: The main motive of a co-operative organisation is to give service to the people. It is not profit oriented. Utmost importance is given to the welfare of the people. In that sense, a co-operative society differs from other forms of organisation.
Surplus Profit: Profits are made in the course of business after payment of dividends to shareholders. A percentage of profit is always used for the welfare of the people. A bonus is given to employees and as a bonus on purchase made by members.
Separate Legal Status: A Co-operative Society is formed according to the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, which gives it independent legal status. It is distinct from its members. Therefore it can enter into contract purchase property, etc. in its name.
Equal Voting Rights: All the members in Co-operative Societies have equal voting rights irrespective of the number of shares held by them.
Number of Members: Minimum 10 members are required for the formation of the Co-operative Society. There is no limit on maximum number of members.
Democratic Principle: Democracy is followed in the working of cooperatives. Equality of voting rights is the main principle of the organisation. The principle of ‘One member One vote’ is followed. All members are equal in society.
Voluntary Association and Open Membership: Co-operative organisation is a voluntary association of individuals. Membership is voluntary. Any person can become a member of the organisation. No difference is made on the basis of language, religion, caste, etc. There is an open membership. A person can become a member of his own free will and terminate membership whenever he wants.
Registration: Registration of a Co-operative organisation is compulsory under the Co-operative Society’s Act, 1912. Registration is done according to the Act of every state. In Maharashtra, Societies are registered under Maharashtra State Co-operative Societies Act, 1960.
State Support: Co-operatives receive support from the government. They are under the control and supervision of the State. All of them are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. They get a corporate status. They get concessions from the government in the purchase of land, payment of tax, etc. They get legal and financial assistance also.
Explain the features of Sole Trading Concern.
SOLUTION
A sole trading concern is one of the oldest and simplest forms of organisation. An individual owns the entire business. The individual is the owner, controller, and manager of the firm. Such an individual is called a Sole Trader or Sole Proprietor. This type of business is a one-man show.
According to Prof. J. Hanse, “Sometimes known as one man business, it is a type of business unit where one person is solely responsible for providing the capital, for bearing the risk of the enterprise and for the risk of ownership”.
According to Prof. James Lundy, “The sole proprietorship is an informal type of business owned by one person.”
The features of Sale Trading Concern are as follows:
Suitable for some Special Business: Sole trading concern is suitable for business where personal attention and individual skill are needed e.g., Beauty parlour, groceries, fashion designing, sweet Shops, tailoring, restaurants, etc.
Unlimited Liability: The liability of the sole trader is unlimited. In case business assets are not sufficient to meet business expenses, the private property of the sole trader will be used. There is no difference made between private property and business property of the sole trader.
No Sharing of Profits and Risks: A sole trader enjoys all the profits of the business. As he is the single owner of the business he assumes full responsibility in business. He alone bears all the losses or risks involved in the business.
Business Secrecy: Maximum business secrecy can be maintained in a sole trading concern. A sole trader is responsible only to himself. He need not discuss any matter of business with outsiders. Moreover, there is no legal compulsion for sole traders to publish books of accounts of the business.
Local Market Operations: A sole trader has limited capital and limited managerial skills, which forces him to operates in local are market only.
Individual Ownership: A sole trader is the single owner of the business. He owns all the property and assets of the concern. He brings in the required capital for business. A sole trading concern is a ‘One man show”.
No separate legal status: Sole trader and his business are considered one and the same in the eyes of law. Thus, it does not enjoy a separate legal status.
Direct Contacts with Customers and Employees: A sole trader directly deals with customers and employees. A sole trader can pay personal attention to his customers. This helps him to maintain good relations with his customers. He can serve customers according to their likes and dislikes. As there are less number of employees, he can build good relations with them. He can listen to their grievances and try to solve them.
Self-employment: Such a business form is best suitable for self-employment. Instead of being remaining unemployed, one can start such business as it requires low capital and has less legal formalities.
Freedom in Selection of Business: A sole trader has the freedom to select any type of business. Businesses selected must be allowed legally. A sole trader can use any method of maintaining books of accounts.
Minimum Government Regulations: Sole trading concern need not follow any special Act. There are not many legal formalities needed for forming and closing a sole trading concern. Only the general law of the country has to be followed.
Explain different types of Partnership Firms.
SOLUTION
TYPES OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM
→ General Partnership Firms
(Under Indian Partnership Act, 1932)
Partnership at will
Partnership for particular period
Partnership a particular venture
→ Limited Liability Partnership
(Under Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008)
General Partnership: This partnership can be formed under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, where the liability of all partners are unlimited, joint, and several.
General Partnership can be divided into three Kinds:
(a) Partnership at will: Such partnerships are formed and continued as per the Will of the partners. They are formed for an indefinite period. Any partner can terminate the partnership by giving notice to the firm. Such firms exist so long as there are mutual trust and co-operation among the partners.
(b) Partnership for a particular period: Such partnerships are formed for a particular period of time. On the completion of the duration, the partnership firm automatically dissolves irrespective of the venture is complete.
(c) Partnership for a venture or particular partnership: Such partnerships are formed for a particular venture or job. It comes to an end on the completion of the venture. For e.g. construction of roads, dams, bridges, buildings, etc.
Limited Liability Partnership: This kind of partnership is formed under the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2008. There are 2 kinds of partners.
(a) Designated Partner: Limited liability partnership is one where there are at least two partners of which one must be a resident of India.
(b) General Partner: In limited liability partnership apart from the designated partners all other partners have limited liability. They are called general partners.
Explain different types of Partners.
SOLUTION
The different types of partners are:
Active or Working Partners: In practice one or two partners take an active part in the Management such partners are called active or working partners. They contribute capital, share profits or losses, and have unlimited, joint, and several liabilities. They take an active interest in the day to day working of the firm. These partners are also known as ordinary/general/actual partners.
Dormant or Sleeping Partners: A dormant or sleeping partner is one who contributes capital to the firm. He does not take any active part in the management of the firm. He shares the profits and losses of the firm like any other partner. He voluntarily surrenders the right to management. However, he is liable for the debts of the firm.
Nominal Partners: A nominal partner is one who does not contribute any capital to the firm. He lends his name to the firm. He is simply obliging his friends by allowing the firm to use his name as a partner. He may or may not be given any share in the profits of the firm. His goodwill is used to attract business. However, he is liable for the debts of the firm.
Minor as Partner: According to the Indian Contract Act 1872, a person below 18 years is called a minor. But according to the Indian Partnership Act 1932, a minor can be admitted for the benefit of the firm with the consent of all other partners. He has a right to inspect the books of accounts. Minor partner has limited liability and is not liable for losses. He has the option to continue as a full-fledged partner or discontinue as a partner on attaining the age of majority. If he wishes to discontinue, he must give public notice within 6 months from the age of majority.
Partner in Profits only: A partner may clearly state that he Will have a share only in the profits of the firm and that he will not share losses. Such a partner is known as “Partner in Profits Only”. He has no rights to management. He may not take active participation in the management of the firm.
Partner with Limited Liability: A limited partner has limited liability. A partner whose liability depends upon the extent of investment is called a limited partner. He has no right to take part in the day to day work. But such a partnership must have at least one partner having unlimited liability.
Secret Partner: A person is a partner of the firm and not known to the general public is a secret partner. Secret partners have all the features like other partners. He brings capital to the firm and also gets a share in profit. He has unlimited liability. He can take part in the working of the business.
Sub-Partner: A partner when agrees to share his own profit derived from the firm with the third person, it is known as sub-partner. A sub-partner cannot call himself as a partner in the firm.
Quasi Partner: A retired partner leaving his capital with the firm is called as Quasi Partner. He does not participate in the working of the firm, but share the profit of the firm. He is also liable for the debts of the firm.
Explain the five features of Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
The features of Joint Stock Company are as follows:
Common Seal: A company being an artificial person cannot sign on its own. The law requires every company to have a seal and have its name engraved on it. The common seal is a symbol of the company’s incorporated existence. As common seal 1s the signature of the company, it has to be affixed on all important documents of the company. When the seal is used it has to be witnessed by two directors of the Company. The common seal is under the custody of the Company Secretary.
Artificial Person: A company is an artificial person created by law. It has an independent legal status. It has a separate name. It can enter into contracts, buy and sell property in its name. The company is distinct from its members.
Registration: The Registration of Joint Stock Company is compulsory. All companies have to be registered under the Indian Companies Act, 2013.
Membership: A company is an association of persons. A private limited company must have at least two persons and a public limited company must have at least seven persons. The maximum limit of members for private companies is 200. A public company can have unlimited members.
Ownership and Management: Persons investing in the shares of the company are called shareholders. They are the owners of the company. They receive a share in the profits of the company called “dividend”. A large number of shareholders cannot manage the business. They elect representatives who are collectively called as Board of Directors. They manage the business of the Company.
Limited Liability: The liability of shareholders 18 limited. It depends upon the unpaid amount of shares held by them. Shareholders cannot be held personally liable for the debts of the company
Explain the merits of a Co-operative Society.
SOLUTION
The merits of a Co-operative Society are as follow:
Easy Formation: It is easy to form a Co-operative organisation. Minimum ten members are needed to form the organisation. It does not involve many legal formalities. It is compulsory to register the organisation However, the procedure for registration is simple and the fees are nominal.
Tax Concession: Co-operatives always get support from the government. As they play an important role in economic and social development, the government gives them concessions in payment of tax.
Open Membership: Membership of a Co-operative organisation is open to all. A person can become a member by purchasing shares. No difference is made on the basis of language, religion, caste, etc. A person can become a member whenever he wants and terminate membership at his own Will. Membership is voluntary.
Stability: A Co-operative organisation enjoys a long and stable life. The life of the organisation is distinct from the life of its members. If any member dies, becomes insolvent or insane, business is not closed.
Financing and Charity: After providing a 15% dividend to members, the surplus amount is used for self. Financing by the Co-operative Societies. Some amount of leftover profit is used for charity, social activities, and for the growth of the co-operative society.
Less Operating Expenses: Cost of operation is low as salary is not paid to members who manage the business. Members of Co-Operative organisations work on an honorary basis. They are not given any remuneration for their services. There are no expenses for advertising and publicity. This helps to increase profit.
Limited Liability: The liability of members is limited. It depends upon the value of shares purchased by members. Therefore, people are interested in investing in a Co-operative organisation.
Democratic Management: Democracy is followed in the management of the co-operative organisation. All members are equal. The principle of “One member One vote” is followed. Members elect representatives who form the managing committee. They work according to laws. The managing committee looks after the day to day administration. Decisions are taken collectively in meetings.
Supply of Goods at Cheaper Rate: Goods are sold at a lesser price through a Co-operative store. This is because the organisation is service-oriented. The store does not make use of the services of middlemen and there are no expenses on advertising. So goods are sold at cheap rates.
Explain the demerits of Partnership firm
SOLUTION
The demerits of a Partnership firm are as follows:
Non-transferability of Interest: In a partnership firm no one partner can transfer his share of interest to another outsider without the consent of all the partners.
Limited Capital: There is a limitation in raising additional capital for business. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. The borrowing capacity of partners is limited. The maximum number of partners is fifty only. So Financial capacity is less.
Absence of Legal Status: The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 does not give legal status to a partnership firm. There is no independent legal status. The firm and its partners are one and the same.
The problem of Continuity: The partnership firm is not a separate legal entity. The firm is dependent on mutual trust between partners. If a partner dies, becomes insolvent or insane, the firm has to be dissolved compulsorily whether the partners wish or not.
Risk of Implied Authority: A partner works in two capacities. He has a dual role Principal and Agent. He acts as an agent of the business. He can enter into a contract with a third party. However, a wrong decision can result in heavy losses, which has to be borne by all partners.
Limitations on the number of Partners: No partnership can go beyond the maximum number prescribed (i.e. 50 members) by the Indian Partnership Act. This restriction affects the raising of capital for further expansion.
Disputes: It is difficult to maintain harmony among partners. They may have different opinions and may not agree on certain matters. Partners may have conflicts if some partners work for self-interest. This reduces team spirit and may finally lead to the dissolution of the firm.
Difficulty in Admission of Partner: As the consent of all partners is required to take any decision in the partnership firm, it becomes difficult to admit a new partner. This is a disadvantage to the firm as it cannot bring in new talent if the other partners are not agreeing to it.
Unlimited Liability: The liability of partners is unlimited. There is no difference between business property and personal property of partners. If business assets are not enough to meet business expenses, Personal property can be used.
Problem of Secrecy: Partnership firms lack complete business secrecy as some secrets may be disclosed by some partners to the competitor for personal benefit.
Explain the merits of Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
The merits of the Joint Stock Company are as follows:
Transferability of Shares: Shares of a public company can be transferred easily and freely. There is a high degree of liquidity in shares. Permission of directors or members need not be taken for buying and selling shares. This helps to attract investors to public companies.
Relief in Taxation: The tax burden in the company is less. Provisions of the Income Tax Act say that companies have to pay tax at a flat rate. This is less than taxes paid by individuals earning very high income. If a company is started in backward areas, the company gets relief in the form of tax holding.
More Scope for Expansion: The capital raising capacity of the company is high. The company has a lot of funds at its disposal. A part of the profit is also ploughed back for business. This enables the growth and expansion of a business.
Public Confidence: Joint Stock Company has to publish books of accounts. Which is audited by CA. Annual reports of the company have to be published. The activities of the Company are regulated by the provision of Companies Act, 2013. Therefore, the company gets public support.
Limited Liability: The liability of shareholders is limited. It is to the extent of the unpaid value of shares. Shareholders cannot be liable for the debts of the company. Features of limited liability attract more investors to the business.
Expert Services: Joint Stock Company an appoint experts for managing their huge business operations. They appoint experts like Legal advisors, management experts, auditors, consultants, etc.
Democratic Management: Management of a company is democratic. Shareholders elect representatives called as Board of Directors. They manage the business. Directors are accountable to shareholders. Policy decisions are taken by Directors but have to be approved by shareholders. The shareholders can also remove inefficient Directors.
Perpetual Succession: Joint Stock Company enjoys a long and stable life. Its stability is not affected by death insolvency or retirement, of any of its members.
Professional Management: Large funds are at the disposal of the companies. Therefore, experts can be appointed in different areas of business. As good salaries can be paid, highly qualified personnel like Cost Accountants, Sales Experts, Market Experts, etc. can be appointed. Even the Board of Directors has competent persons who manage the business efficiently.
A large amount of Capital: A company can collect a large amount of capital. There is no limit on the maximum number of members. Due to features of limited liability, transferability of shares and liquidity, many investors are attracted to become shareholders of the company. Loans are also available to Joint Stock Companies.
Explain the features of a partnership firm.
SOLUTION
The features of the partnership firm are as follows:
Lawful Business: Business undertaken by partnership should be lawful. It cannot undertake business forbidden by the state. The definition of partnership also does not permit any association like a club or charitable institution. Illegal business like smuggling or gambling is not allowed.
Agreement: Partnership is a result of an agreement between partners. There could be a written or oral agreement between partners. A written agreement is preferred so that it can be used as proof in the court of law if needed.
Number of Partners: Minimum two members are needed to start a partnership firm. The maximum number of members is 50.
Dissolution: A Partnership Firm can be dissolved through an agreement between partners. If a partner wants, he can dissolve the firm by giving 14 days' notice to the firm. The firm can be dissolved if a partner dies, becomes insolvent or insane.
Sharing of Profits and Losses: The purpose of the partnership is to earn a profit. Its object cannot be a charitable one. Partners have to share profits and losses according to the ratio given in the agreement. If the agreement is silent about the proportion then profit and loss sharing will be equal.
Termination of Partner: A partner may resign by giving proper notice in writing to the other partners. A partner can also be removed if he has been found doing any fraudulent activities
Joint Ownership: Each partner is the joint owner of the property of the firm. All partners are equal owners of business property. No partner can use the property for personal use.
Registration: It is not compulsory as per the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. However, in the State of Maharashtra, it has been made compulsory to get register with the ‘Registrar of Firms’ of the state.
Joint Management: All partners have equal rights in managing the firm. Some partners take an interest in the management of the firm and others voluntarily surrender their management rights. However, all partners are jointly responsible for the management of the firm.
Unlimited Liability: The liability of partners is unlimited joint and several. If assets of the business are not sufficient to pay liabilities, the personal property of partners can be used. If anyone of the partners is declared insolvent, his liability will be borne by the solvent partners.
Principal and Agent: Each partner works in two capacities, Principal and Agent. A partner acts as principal when within the firm and acts as an agent while dealing with outsiders. The partners play a dual role.
Restriction on Transfer of Interest: A partner cannot transfer or sell his interests in the firm to outsiders without the prior consent of all other partners in the firm.
Explain the types of Co-operative Societies.
SOLUTION
Types of Co-Operative Society are as follows:
Consumer Co-operative Societies: A consumer co-operative is a business owned by its customers. They purchase in large quantities from wholesalers and suppliers in small quantities to customers. Goods are provided to buyers at reasonable prices and also provide services to them. Members get a share in the profit. The consumer society is formed to eliminate middlemen from the distribution process e.g. Apana Bazar, Sahakari Bhandar.
Credit Co-operative Societies: Members pool their savings together with the aim of obtaining loans from their pooled resources for productive purposes and non-productive purposes. They may be established in rural areas by agriculturists or artisans called a Rural Credit Society. They may be established by salary earners or industrial areas called as Urban Banks, Salary Earners Society, or Workers Society.
Producer’s Co-operatives: Producer’s Co-operatives are voluntary associations of small producers and artisans who come together to face competition and increase production. These societies are of two types:
(a) Industrial Service Co-operatives: This society supplies raw materials, tools, and machinery to the members. The producers work independently and sell their industrial output to the co-operative society. The output of members is marketed by society.
(b) Manufacturing Co-operatives: In this type, producer members are treated as employees of the society and are paid wages for their work. The society provides raw material and equipment to every member. The members produce goods at a common place or in their houses. Society sells the output in the market and its profits are distributed among the members.
Marketing Co-operatives Societies: These co-operatives find better markets for members to produce. They also provide credit and other inputs to increase members' production levels. They perform marketing functions such as standardising, grading, branding, packing, advertising, etc. The proceeds are then distributed among members depending on the quantities sold.
Co-operative Farming Societies: Farmers voluntarily come together and pool their land. The agricultural operations are carried out jointly. They make use of the scientific methods of cultivation.
Housing Co-operative Societies: Housing Co-operatives are owned by residents. Society purchases land and develops it. Houses are constructed for residential purposes on an ownership basis. They aim at establishing houses at fair and reasonable rents to members. For construction purposes, loans are made available from Governmental or Nongovernmental sources. The society also looks after the maintenance of its buildings.
Explain the demerits of Joint Stock Company.
SOLUTION
The demerits of Joint Stock Company are as follows:
Rigid Formation: The formation of a joint stock company is lengthy, difficult, and time-consuming. There are many legal formalities for starting a business. Promoters have to prepare documents like Articles of Association, Memorandum of Association, etc. A private company has to go through two stages of information. A public company has to go through four stages of information.
Delay in Decision Making Process: In a company form of organization no single individual can make a policy decision. All important decisions are taken by the Board of Directors. The decision making process is time-consuming. Businesses may lose opportunities because of delays in decision making.
Lack of Secrecy: The management of companies remain in the hands of many persons. Everything is discussed in the meetings of the Board of Directors. All important documents are available at the registered office for inspection. Thus, there is no secrecy in business matters.
Excessive Government Control: A large number of rules are framed for the working of companies. The companies will have to follow rules for internal working. The government tries to regulate the working of the companies because large public money is involved. In case regulations are not complied with, large penalties are involved.
High Cost of Management: The management of joint stock company form of organization is costly. Services of experts like share brokers, underwriters, solicitors, bankers are needed which is costly. Highly qualified staff is needed. They are paid good salaries. The dissolution of the firm is also costly.
Reckless Speculation: Directors look after the management of the company. They have full information about the progress of the company. They use these details for speculation in shares. This results in fluctuations in share prices. This affects public confidence.
No Personal Contact: There are a large number of employees in the organization. There is no personal contact of owners and managers with employees. Lack of appreciation demotivates employees. Similarly, managers and directors are not able to maintain personal contact with their customers. Thus, customers' likes and dislikes are ignored.
No Direct Effort Reward Relationship: Joint Stock Company is owned by shareholders and managed by the Board of Directors. Board of Directors are paid for managing and profit is shared by shareholders. There is no direct relationship between efforts and rewards. Directors may not take a lot of interest in the working of the company.
Balbharati Solutions for Organisation of Commerce and Management (OCM) 11th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board Chapterwise List - Free
The answers for the Balbharati books are the best study material for students. These Balbharati Solutions for Organisation of Commerce and Management (OCM) 11th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board will help students understand the concepts better.
• Chapter 1: Introduction of Commerce and Business
• Chapter 3: Small Scale Industry and Business
• Chapter 4: Forms of Business Organisation - 1
• Chapter 5: Forms of Business Organisation - 2
• Chapter 6: Institutes Supporting Business
• Chapter 7: Business Environment
• Chapter 8: Introduction to Management
